Cervical Cancer And Hpv Vaccination Health And Social Care Essay

Reappraisal of literature is an indispensable constituent of a worthwhile survey in any field of cognition. It helps the research worker to derive information on what has been done antecedently and to derive information on what has been done antecedently and to derive deeper penetration in to the research job. It besides helps to be after and carry on the survey in systematic mode. In this chapter, the research worker has presented the available research surveies and relevant literature from which the strength of the survey was drawn. 1. Surveies related to cervical malignant neoplastic disease 2. Surveies related to HPV inoculation.STUDIES RELATED TO CERVICAL CANCERMiocLee, C. ( 1999 ) conducted a qualitative survey with eight focal point groups ( figure of sample=102 ) by utilizing 11 inquiry derived from the wellness belief theoretical account. Focus group revealed that there was misinformation and a deficiency of cognition about cervical malignant neoplastic disease. The adult females at that place fore were confused about causative factors and preventative schemes related to cervical malignant neoplastic disease. The findings showed that major structured barriers were economic and clip factors. The chief psychological barriers were fear, denial confusion thought. Participants stated that medical advice and instruction would act upon them to undergo Pap trial. Recommendations were made to cut down certain barrier and to increase cognition and motive. Sheila, Twin. ( 2005 ) conducted a survey among Chinese adult females from a entire sample of 467 in order to place the cognition about cervical malignant neoplastic disease. Evident suggested that adult females knowledge about cervical malignant neoplastic disease and preventative schemes are important their showing patterns. The demand for farther cognition about the cervical showing and preventative step was demonstrated. HkoLiou, Xueminling. ( 2009 ) conducted transverse sectional descriptive design on responses action and wellness promoting behaviours among rural Chinese adult females with unnatural Pap trial. The consequence shows that about 14 % were diagnosed as precancerous and underwent farther intervention. 24 % of the adult females took no action during the 3 month after having the consequence. Equally many as 96 % were non cognizant about localised cervical malignant neoplastic disease. These analyzed consequences may turn out utile in developing intercession schemes to help adult females with positive Pap trial consequences to take intervention modes and adopted wellness behaviours.STUDIES RELATED TO HPV VACCINATIONKwan, T, et.al. ( 2007 ) conducted a transverse sectional community based survey to research Chinese adult females ‘s perceptual experience of human villoma virus inoculation and their purpose to be vaccinated. A sum of 1450 cultural Chinese adult females aged 18 and above who attended the wellness centres. The consequence shows about 38 % of participants ( n=527 ) had heard of HPV and approximately 50 % ( n=697 ) had heard of inoculation against cervical malignant neoplastic disease. 88 % of the participants ( n=1219 ) indicate that they would probably to be vaccinated. Majority of the participants believed that sexually experient adult females should be vaccinated ; while27 % opposed immunizing sexually naA?ve adult females. survey suggested that HPV infection was perceived to be stigmatising to adumbrate household and societal relationships, despite misconception and a grossy inadequate cognition about HPV and HPV inoculation, NubiaMunoz, et.al. ( 2007 ) conducted survey among 17, 622 adult females aged 15-26 old ages who were enrolled in one of two randomised, placebo-controlled, efficacy tests for the HPV6/11/16/18 vaccinum ( first patient on December 28, 2001, and surveies completed July 31, 2007 ) . Vaccine or placebo was given at twenty-four hours 1, month 2, and month 6. All adult females underwent cervico vaginal sampling and Pap proving at twenty-four hours 1 and every 6-12 months at that place after. A consequence shows that inoculation was up to 100 % effectual in cut downing the hazard of HPV16and 18 related top-quality cervical, vulvar, and vaginal lesions and of HPV 6 and 11-related genital warts. In the intention-to-treat group, inoculation besides statistically significantly reduced the hazard of any top-quality cervical lesions ( 19.0 % decrease ; rate vaccinum = 1.43, rate placebo = 1.76, difference = 0.33, 95 % assurance interval [ CI ] = 0.13 to 0.54 ) , vulval and vaginal lesions ( 50.7 % decrease ; rate vaccinum = 0.10, rate placebo = 0.20, difference = 0.10, 95 % CI = 0.04 to 0.16 ) , venereal warts ( 62.0 % decrease ; rate vaccinum = 0.44, rate placebo = 1.17, difference = 0.72, 95 % CI = 0.58 to 0.87 ) , Pap abnormalcies ( 11.3 % decrease ; rate vaccinum = 10.36, rate placebo = 11.68, difference = 1.32, 95 % CI = 0.74 to 1.90 ) . Decision of the survey is High-coverage HPV inoculation plans among striplings and immature adult females may ensue in a rapid decrease of venereal warts, cervical cytological abnormalcies. Infectious Disease Obstetric Gynecology diary. ( 2006 ) suggested that Vaccines which protect against infection with the types of human papillomavirus ( HPV ) normally associated with cervical malignant neoplastic disease ( HPV 16 and 18 ) and venereal warts ( HPV 6 and 11 ) are expected to go available in the close hereafter. Because HPV vaccinums are contraceptive, they must be administered prior to exposure to the virus, ideally during preadolescence or adolescence. The immature age of the mark inoculation population means that doctors, parents, and patients will all be involved in the decision-making procedure. Research has shown that parents and patients are more likely to accept a vaccinum if it is efficacious, safe, moderately priced, and recommended by a doctor. Widespread instruction of doctors, patients, and parents about the hazards and effects of HPV infection and the benefits of inoculation will be instrumental for furthering vaccine credence. Andrea Licht, S, et. Al. ( 2009 ) conducted survey on HPV inoculation. The purposes of this survey were to measure HPV inoculation rates and to analyze whether cognition and hazard perceptual experiences sing HPV were associated with the reported usage of the HPV vaccinum among female college pupils. A cross-sectional design was used among 406 adult females aged 18-26 old ages were recruited at two public universities and completed a self-administered study. Respondents who reported holding received at least one dosage of HPV vaccinum were classified as ‘vaccinated ‘ ( n=177, 43.6 % ) . Responses, stratified by the reception of HPV vaccinum, were compared utilizing descriptive statistics and multivariate theoretical accounts. Consequences based on multivariate logistic arrested development mold, 18-year-old adult females were about four times more likely to describe usage of the HPV vaccinum compared with respondents aged 19-26 old ages. Respondents who right indicated th at HPV caused venereal warts were 1.85 times more likely to hold received at least one HPV vaccinum. African American and Asiatic adult females were each less likely to be vaccinated compared with white adult females. Risk perceptual experience was non significantly associated with vaccinum consumption, nevertheless, the bulk of respondents failed accurately to acknowledge their high hazard of both geting and conveying HPV. These findings suggest cognition shortages and misperceptions about HPV hazard as possible subjects for educational runs promoting the greater usage of the preventative HPV vaccinum among this subgroup Allison Friedman, L. ( 2004 ) suggested that venereal human villoma virus ( HPV ) infection is the most common sexually familial virus in the united States, doing venereal warts, cervical cell abnormalcies, and cervical malignant neoplastic disease in adult females. To inform HPV instruction attempts, 35 focal point groups were conducted with members of the general populace, stratified by gender, race/ethnicity, and urban/rural location. Focus groups explored participants ‘ cognition, attitudes, and beliefs about HPV and a conjectural HPV vaccinum every bit good as their communicating penchants for HPV-related educational messages. Audience consciousness and cognition of HPV were low across all groups. This, along with an evident STD-associated stigma, served as barriers to participants ‘ conjectural credence of a future vaccinum. Although information about HPV ‘s high prevalence and nexus to cervical malignant neoplastic disease motivated participants to larn more about HPV, it besides produced audience fright and anxiousness. This research suggests that HPV- and HPV-vaccine-related instruction attempts must be approached with extreme Raley, JC. ( 2004 ) suggested that Human villoma virus ( HPV ) is the causative agent of cervical neoplasia and venereal warts. A vaccinum has late been developed that may forestall infection with HPV. Vaccination for HPV may go a everyday portion of office gynaecology. Researcher surveyed members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) to find their attitudes to HPV inoculation. A study was sent to Fellows of ACOG to measure gynaecologists ‘ attitudes. Vaccine acceptableness was analyzed by utilizing 13 scenarios with the undermentioned dimensions and several properties: age of patient ( 13, 17 and 22 old ages ) ; efficaciousness of vaccinum ( 50 % or 80 % ) ; ACOG recommendation ( yes or no ) ; and disease targeted ( cervical malignant neoplastic disease, warts or both ) . Each scenario was rated by agencies of an 11-point response format ( 0 to 100 ) . Responses were evaluated utilizing conjoint analysis. Consequences of 1200 studies that were sen t out, 181 were returned and included in our analysis. ACOG recommendation was considered the most of import variable in vaccinum distribution ( importance mark = 32.2 ) , followed by efficaciousness ( 24.5 ) , age ( 22.4 ) and, in conclusion, disease targeted ( 20.9 ) . Of these variables, higher efficaciousness was favored ; penchant was given to age 17 old ages, with a strong disinclination to immunize at age 13 old ages ; and protection against cervical malignant neoplastic disease, or venereal warts, or both. Demographic features of the gynaecologists ( i.e. , age of doctor, gender, and pattern scene and community size ) did non play an of import function in the determination to urge inoculation. Professional society recommendation is of import for acceptableness of a possible HPV vaccinum. Gynecologists are willing to include this vaccinum in their pattern. Chun Chao, et. Al ( 2007 ) conducted survey among 34,193 female who initiate HPV inoculation. The purpose of the survey was to analyze the rate and correlate the completion of HPV inoculation. The consequence shows that the completion rate was 41.9 % among age group between 9- to 17-year and 47.1 % in the 18- to 26-year. Black race – 95 % assurance interval and lower vicinity instruction degree were associated with lower regimen completion. A history of sexually transmitted diseases, unnatural Pap trial consequences, and immune-related conditions were non associated with HPV inoculation regimen completion. Caron, et. Al. ( 2008 ) conducted a cross sectional survey among college adult females, the survey reveals that cervical malignant neoplastic disease is chiefly caused by the human papillomavirus ( HPV ) and is the 2nd most common cause of cancer-related mortality among adult females. Aim: College adult females may be at hazard for undertaking HPV based on their sexual behaviour. An explorative analysis was conducted, following the release of the HPV vaccinum, Gardasil [ R ] , the am of the survey is to ( 1 ) determine consciousness of HPV and Gardasil [ R ] , ( 2 ) buttocks attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs about the HPV vaccinum, ( 3 ) place information beginnings that college adult females are accessing. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of college adult females ( n=293 ) enrolled in a Northeastern university voluntarily completed a self-administered questionnaire sing cognition, attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs about correlativities, and mated sample t-tests. Consequences: Sex ually active respondents would urge the HPV vaccinum to others and differ that HPV inoculation would promote hazardous sexual behaviour. Yet, â€Å" necessitate more information † is the prevailing ground respondents would non acquire the HPV vaccinum if it were offered for free. Discussion: Correlations are identified on how self-reported cognition influenced attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs sing the HPV vaccinum. These findings should help wellness pedagogues in developing incorporate public wellness instruction attempts for HPV inoculation that are targeted towards this at-risk population.

Circular Flow Essay

Some income is saved and saving represents leakage from the circular flow of income because its part of the income paid out by firms which does not return to them through spending of households. If you save, economy slows down as there’s less money in circular flow. So if Gov. takes money from economy in form of tax and doesn’t spend it, or if people buy more things from abroad than they export (foreign trade), economy slows down as money leaves circular flow. Leakages determine size of multiplier. Tax is leakage because they remove purchasing power from the system. Injection – in circular flow are I (investment – increase in capital stock), G (government spending) and X (exports) Export is injection as spending of foreign households on domestic produced output is an additional source of income. Increase in investment (machinery, building) may increase spending in an economy as well as productive capacity enabling economic growth. Firms contribute to expenditure when they buy investment goods and add to their productive capacity. Change in balance between investment + consumption activity has effect on LR path of economy. Government spends (inj) on G/S – provisioning public goods but to finance these they must raise revenue – tax (w/d) International Trade is important as part of expenditure on G/S is form of exports and part is by households on imports Injections increase circular flow and a change in any of these are magnified by multiplier. If injections > leakages, spending on goods and services will exceed planned level of production. Firms will expand output and national income will rise (economy grows). If leakages > injections, production will exceed the current level of expenditure. Firms therefore reduce output and national income will fall (economy contracts) Injections = leakages, national income won’t change ; National Income Equilibrium: where AD for G/S = AS produced Wealth effects: Wealth is sum of all assets in an economy. It is a stock concept whereas income is a flow concept. This means wealth doesnt have direct impact on circular flow of income but changes in wealth can effect income/ spending If you live in a property that increase in value, you may feel more confident about spending in the economy and your increased spending will then become part of circular flow of income. If houses become more expensive, one can go to their mortgage provider and request mortgage equity – taking loan based on increased wealth. When that loan is spend, circular flow increases. In contract, when capital markets take a downturn in USA, people living on pensions in UK might find that their incomes fall because dividends on pension funds are often based on capital gains of shares. In UK most wealth is held in form of housing (59%) in other major forms of wealth are stocks, shares, and capital assets Exam skills: Income is measured by real GDP. Wealth is stock concept. income is flow concept. Wealth in UK is 6. 5 trillion – 5x total income in economy. Most income in UK is help in form of housing (59%) Capital assets/stock in UK is about 2. 6 trillion – less than cost of maintaining all capital stock in current condition – cost known as depreciation. Consumption is not an injection. You cant argue that increase in house price (wealth) causes fall in AD because people dont have as much money to spend on other things. A mid market taxi firm. Scenario is a recession In a recession, or downturn in the economy, consumer confidence decreases because spending power has reduced. This wall cause those taxi users to switch to cheaper forms of transport e. g. public transport (buses) or trains. London already has a transport system of underground trains and buses so those middle class incomers may choose to switch to this. However there may be some users who have no other choice than to use a taxi so they have to pay extra Solution is to decrease prices in order to keep demand sustained so taxi users remain using taxis and not overcrowd the other forms of transport. Consumer behavior

Unit Paper

There isn't an American citizen in the world ho doesn't know of the painstaking terror that swept through the country as we witnessed the scene via the myriad of media coverage on every channel. Watching these news sources and seeing the aftermath, and watching the government response as they tried to figure out why it happened was actually detrimental to the healing process of the country. Hearing the scientists discuss how the towers fell, and listening as the government talked about how these terrorists gained access to the planes Just worked to spread more fear into the minds of the American citizens.Had the media Just gone dark, had the government Just said, â€Å"k, this happened, we need time to clean this up and discuss options, trust us,† Then the country may have been able to relax a little more. American citizen's now have some level of post- traumatic stress simply from being exposed to what was going on in real time. I will never forget the video of the people Jum ping from the buildings before their collapse, or the ash falling like snowflakes, covering everything around the city. I'll never forget the clouds of thick black smoke, and the exact moment that the towers finally elapsed.And I'll never forget the days after, and the images of the towers missing from that NYC skyline. And yet, Vive never even been to New York. The media showed every horrifying angle as things progressed, making it as though we were all standing on the roadway, gazing up at the horrors as they occurred. The news provided every view point and every option, even though 95% of them were speculative and so far from the truth. The terrorists' goal was to make the US fearful of them in order to make their point, and while they did a decent Job of that, the media Just added icing o the cake.For months afterwards, people were too afraid to fly; people were too fearful to use public transportation. This fear was Just perpetuated by the media's involvement. On the opposing e nd of the spectrum, the media can sometimes have a positive effect in minimizing the effectiveness of the terrorist attack. While flying into Boston in April of last year, I was amazed to hear the news of the city being in Lockwood. Sitting outside of Logan airport, the lack of people was eerie, and I pulled up the news on my phone to follow what was going on.The city was in Lockwood and police were requesting that people stay in their homes and off the roads to make it easier to search for the bombing suspect; a nice way of suggesting that Marshall Law was being imposed, but not exactly. The good thing about the media being involved in this was that people quickly heard that they should stay inside, which cleared the roads and made it possible for the police and government to really focus and search for Tsarina's. Would they have found him if they hadn't put the city on Lockwood?Probably, but you can't be certain, ND it was more effective to do so to ensure that he was located as q uickly as possible. Social networking is almost as bad as the media. Daily, there are posts about a child with cancer or a family whose home burned down that are asking people to like the photo. This is all misinformation and useless. Not to mention the things people post about terrorists or even the government, where you can tell that they have heard one thing and assumed the rest. That being said, social networking has a knack for escalating facts really quickly until they are more lie than truth.It's important to be informed, but when you're getting your facts from a post that's majority misinformation, it Just snowballs and leads to a bunch of confusion and panic. That's not always the case, however. Sometimes, social networking can be a fantastic tool when it comes to terrorist activity. The ability to share posts on Backbone, for example, can be an excellent tool if the police are searching for a particular suspect. A picture or description can be released, and people can spre ad it to millions of others in mere minutes.Not Just relating to terrorism, but crime in mineral, this is incredible and has been known to assist with finding many people, suspects and victims. While the media can be a useful aspect when it comes to terrorist activity, it is generally more of a hassle than an aiding tool. It's our civil right to be kept informed on the events in our country, but in times of an attack, our government should focus on responding before they should worry about letting us bystanders know what happened. A terrorist attack is performed with the objective of instilling fear in the targeted audience, and when facts are misconstrued, this is Just perpetuated.

The Teaching of Amos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Teaching of Amos - Essay Example Nipping fig trees hasten the ripening and improve the size and sweetness of the fruit that the poor can afford. With the nature of his work, he became aware of the political, social and religious conditions of the society surrounding him. Amos is considered to be one of the so-called 12 Minor Prophets and his book, Amos, is third among the 12. His mission is to prophesy to the northern kingdom of Israel in the days of King Uzziah of Judah (792-740 B.C.E.), while Jeroboam II the son of Joash, was king of Israel, two years before the great earthquake occurred (Amos 1:1). Amos carried messages loaded with affliction to Israel (Amos 2:6-16) and Judah (Amos 2:4-5). Many of Israel's neighbors would also suffer, such as Damascus (Amos 1:3-5), Gaza (Amos 1:6-8), Tyre (Amos 1:9-10), Edom (Amos 1:11-12), Ammon(Amos 1:13-15), and Moab (Amos 2:1-3). God had originally favored the Israelites. He even made a covenant with them. He was especially saddened with Israel that he needed send a prophet to prophesy their impending doom. There was every reason for pronouncing misery in Israel. Prosperity, lavish living, and extravagance were the order of the day. There was a decline in moral standards. Their celebrated peace and prosperity blinded them of the sacred things. They were likened to an overripe fruit that is in the process of decay leading to destruction. Furthermore, they were performing rites that were not commanded of them to do. These are ceremonies with pagan origins. Some turned to some local gods such as Baal in seeking for blessing and fertility, an act that is extremely detestable to their God. They have totally forgotten the Law of Yahweh. The Political Condition Politically, the kingdom was secure. Samaria, its capital and primary center of urban power, was considered unconquerable. About the time of Amos prophesying act, the Northern Kingdom of Israel had been triumphant out of war, and had reached its peak of wealth and power, with overflowing luxury and excess. It enjoyed remarkable cultural, social and economic revival. It reached the culmination of prosperity made distinct by artistic and commercial development. The Kingdom enjoyed a substantial period of peace and security under the leadership of King Jeroboam II. During this reign, Israel reached the largest geographical size. The king has restored Israel's traditional borders, ending almost a century of sporadic seesaw conflict between Israel itself and Damascus. Soon after Israel had triumphed, she began to gloat over her newfound power. Because she was relieved of foreign pressures-relief that had come in accordance with encouraging words from the prophets Elisha and Jonah-she felt jealously complacent about her favored status with God. The hopes and expectations of the people were lifted to the highest heights. They looked forward with great anticipation to even greater success and declared a great "Day of the Lord" when God Himself would take the battlefield against their enemies. And the king kept conquering nations even extending its territory into modern day Syria. He took advantage of the Syria's weakness after a recent defeat from the Assyrians. Assyria is the major threat to Israel's power. However, the Assyrians had withdrawn itself temporarily due to internal strife. There was an inside rebell ion that they needed to manage. This allows Israel to flourish

Description of Place, or Thing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Description of Place, or Thing - Essay Example The success rate of players is low as well and therefore, few number of athletes make up to the international stage whereas, others remain unknown to the world. The role of luck is very notable in the process of predicting success in the field of sports. The success in the world sports is determined by one’s ability of being at the right place at the right time. The sports in general promote social equality, justice and humanistic values in the community because in the ground everybody is a player and equal to all fellow humans regardless of his or her sexual orientation, race and color. The leading players in the history are living the worst possible lives after the retirements and there is nobody who is even willing to take care of them. Furthermore, humans need regular exercise in order to remain fit while; the professional sportsmen are needed to make a living by joining and working in other professional fields so that they can remain immune to ill-effects of early retirem ent that is pretty much a time honored tradition and convention in the area of ice-hockey. The safety of the players should be enhanced by making new laws and rules in sports like ice-hock. The human limit to suffer physical pain and exertion must be tested in a human way. The profession of sports should not be considered as a battlefield but a place where healthy and safe competition can prevail. The notion of pain as an integral part of ice-hock should be challenged by making new laws and policies for safeguarding players from

Sickle cell anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sickle cell anemia - Research Paper Example However, prior to their early age, functional asplenia commonly increases and it may cause death to children. This is due to septicemia or some other issues. This is except if SCA is immediately diagnosed, and is broadly cared for in a medical and home environment, creating maternity nursing an important factor of knowledge of the Sickle cell anemia for neonatal health care (Silverstein & Silverstein, 2007). As stated by Bloom (2001), research tool will explore all areas of research where it will compare and analyze the present and data from the research which will be carried out. The research tool always promotes more accurate findings by providing the expected findings. The research would intend to explore some of the effects and medical interventions to the patients experiencing Sickle cell anemia. Some research tools will be employed to assist in providing effective and reliable data and information. Qualitative and quantitative analysis would be used throughout the research. Some research questionnaires would be used, and patients and doctors would be asked to answer some questions which will be provided to them by a research team. Bibliometrics will also be used as it uses mathematical and statistical modes to examine and evaluate the finding of the scientific publications (Peterson, 2008). Particularly, this research is intended to support collaborations and innovation which will result to scientific advances. The research questions are listed below: As per reports from several studies, SCA is an inherited disease which affects mostly the Black population. In relation to the intensive studies, it affects around one person in every 400 people who are of African origin. As said by Peterson (2008), Sickle Cell genes are as well present in people from Mediterranean countries, for instance, Italy and Turkey. The first sign of SCA was reported in 1910 by some

The Efficacy of Direct Mail Marketing and Internet Marketing Research Paper

The Efficacy of Direct Mail Marketing and Internet Marketing - Research Paper Example In this scenario, organizations can use different tools and techniques to advertise their products and services. However, this paper will discuss two well known marketing techniques. First is direct mail marketing and second is internet (email) marketing. The basic aim of this research is to compare these two techniques and suggest best among them. So this research will be a comparative study of both marketing techniques. Methods/Framework We will conduct a research to discuss direct mail marketing and internet marketing: Direct Mail Marketing Direct mail marketing is a marketing technique in which a retailer transmits marketing and promotion material or information directly to the customer. Additionally, direct mail marketing allows organizations to enjoy full authority over the management of their business communications. In addition, direct mail marketing consists of several marketing techniques. However, in order to become flourishing in the field of direct marketing, organizatio ns will require using a number of these competent techniques. These techniques are either utilized in grouping form, or as substitute marketing practices and these techniques depend upon the followings aspects: (Systematic Direct Marketing, 2011; SmallBusinessNotes, 2011)

Reward And Motivation As Factors For The Productivity Dissertation

Reward And Motivation As Factors For The Productivity - Dissertation Example There are certain needs and demands of both employee and employer such as labor force are required to perform efficiently when organizations are investing in resources they would demand reliable workforce meeting all standards of productivity (Leboeuf, 1986). On the other hand, employees have expectations related to handsome reward, job security, workplace environment and respect (Blackburn & Lawrence, 1995). Now, these attributes can be taken as motivation factors because given the expectation both parties will be better-served employers will enjoy productivity whereas workers will enjoy the reward. Since both parties are attaining what they desire, ultimately the company’s performance will boost up. It might be easy to say that expectations can be met easily but practically the utopia can only be achieved when organizations understand the needs of their employees. Understanding workers’ needs, in other words, is the analysis which tells organizations how to motivate t heir workers (Podmoroff, 2005). This study is conducted to understand those needs and their patterns which in turn motivate workers for best performance. What can actually be called a motivation? Motivation can be any item or factor that can encourage and energize employees’ behavior to work harder (Tracy, 2013). These sets of principles or factors which invigorate performance can either be social, cultural, societal, financial or even psychological. It relies upon the management to successfully understand its workers demand and need and it is the utter duty of managers to trigger the motivational processes in the right direction (Scheuer, 2000). Motivation is a driving force which is accumulated through altered scenarios and lead individual to accomplish their targets. When targets are achieved, it portrays individual performance.

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Coursework Example The government also wants that the economy function at the full employment level, so that all the people who are capable and willing to work would be able to attain a job, however the natural rate of unemployment will never be zero due to seasonal, structural and other reasons. (McConnell & Brue, 1996) Zero inflation is considered bad for the economy; however, the inflation rate shouldn’t be too high or even too low in the economy and shouldn’t change rapidly. The government wants to sustain the inflation at a moderate and sustainable level. The prices and accordingly the demand of goods and services will vary according to the price level and therefore it is important that the general price level remain stable in the economy. Lastly, the government also aims at keeping their finances sound as well as the balance of payments account. (McConnell & Brue, 1996) However it is difficult to classify the objectives in order of their importance. And this makes the task of the go vernment difficult due to clashing objectives and a tradeoff needs to be made. Such as a policy that would perhaps stimulate overall demand or aggregate demand in the short run may reduce unemployment but that may increase inflation in the long run and go against the government’s objective of maintaining moderate inflation rate. This may also lead to a worsening of the balance of payment position and the government needs to make a choice as to what is more important. At the same time, growth and inflation are considered to be of utmost importance because growth is what improves the standard of living for people and controlling inflation also leads to general price levels being stable and thus attaining the goal of sustainable growth. Inflation is supposed to be the most important goal to achieve since it is believed that the other aims would be difficult to achieve in the long run if the sustainable inflation rate is missed. (McConnell & Brue, 1996) Governments can employ two policies in times of a recession, that is, a decline in GDP as well in times of expansion, that is, a rise in the GDP level. And these are: fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policies involve government expenditure and taxes to increase or decrease the economic activity. There are two types of fiscal policies: contractionary and expansionary fiscal policies. Contractionary fiscal policy is when the government spends less that the tax revenue, that is, the taxes are higher and government spends less on the economy to finance their debt. They also try to increase public sector borrowing requirement. An expansionary fiscal policy is used to expand the economy when it is in recession by the government spending increasing and a reduction in taxes. This leaves people with more disposable income and consumption and spending in the economy increases overall. The figure for an expansionary fiscal policy is shown below: A situation where G=T is one where the overall tax revenue funds the o verall government spending and this is called a neutral fiscal policy and is applied in an economy which is in equilibrium. Fiscal policies can help with the objectives of achieving a stable growth rate, full employment and price stability. However, government spending and borrowing can also lead to high interest rates, and when a debt is incurred, it may need to be facilitated from overseas, monetization or public borrowing. This can actually

Math vs English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Math vs English - Essay Example This essay discusses that Math is a field of science that deals with counting, numbering, and different sorts of calculations. Math is applied in almost each and every deal in the everyday life. The knowledge of Math, at least basic, is necessary in order to be able to buy or sell things independently. The knowledge of Math helps an individual estimate the profit or loss made in a deal. Math is one of the oldest fields of science. Math is applied in a variety of other fields of science that include but are not limited to Physics and Chemistry. Math is one of the most fundamental and essential subjects taught in the coursework of Engineering. To facilitate the calculations, various tools have been introduced in the market including calculators and computers. Sometimes, Math is also used as a language e.g. binary language used in computers. Math is a very interesting subject taught in schools. English is a language. The importance of English can be estimated from the fact that it is an international language. In the present age of globalization, the importance of developing competence in English cannot be overemphasized. One needs at least basic knowledge of English language in order to be able to use a computer. English is a very easy and interesting language. While the basic format of the language is the same, English is spoken in a variety of accents in different parts of the world. There is a British accent, an American accent, and an Indian accent of English among others. The English language has modified over the passage of time in grammar, words, and dialect. Most international courses are delivered in the English language to enable a wider population of students to participate in them.

Special Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Special Education - Essay Example The parents of these children have conflicting needs, because one group of parents offers the view that their children are not being included in the mainstream and are thus being treated as pariahs, while the other half feels that the disabilities of their children are not being given an adequate amount of attention. The following ten questions are posed, which are addressed in the context of the literature review that follows. These questions are answered below under the following section titled â€Å"Literature Review.† The major source of this information is an assessment through a literature review or an examination of the views of experts, which is then assessed in the context of the researcher’s observations at the school, based upon conversations and interviews with parents, students and teachers. â€Å"†¦..everyone belongs and is accepted and is supported by his or her peers and other members of the school community in the course of having his or her educational needs met.† Inclusive education is therefore based on the premise that each individual is unique and valued and does belong within the general community, whether disabled or not. Bateman and Bateman (2002) have pointed out that inclusion as such, means that all students will be taught within the general education classroom and will be pulled out of that classroom to be taught in an outside classroom only in the event that all other available methods have been tried with the students and have failed to meet their needs. Moreover, such outside classrooms are viewed as a strictly temporary measure and the focus of educator efforts is to get the child back into the general education classroom as soon as possible. In reference to the state of Florida, Manten (2003) reports that the majority of schools have participated in the All Students All Schools (ASAS) five year program that is targeted to achieve higher degrees of inclusion of disabled students in mainstream schools, with

Boring day Essay Example for Free

Boring day Essay My computer was broken so I couldnt browse the internet or socialize. My friends have gone on a vacation for summer break together while I had to go to summer school. Now its the weekend and It couldnt have got any more boring. My mom asked me to walk to the plaza down the street to buy some milk. I went upstairs to my room and got dressed. I decided to wear a shirt I got for my birthday. It had a cartoon duck face on It and on top of It; It said HI! In big bubble letters. I also wore a pair of blue Jeans, went downstairs, and then put on my shoes and walked out. Im walking down the street and Its been about ten minutes. A normal person would have reached the plaza In five minutes, but I wasnt a normal person, I was a bored person. Being a bored person, I tend to notice and observe things happening around, Like a bee gathering the nectar out of a flower on my neighbors garden, or an airplane in the sky miles away. While I was walking I noticed this old man kicking his son out of house. Dont come back till youre ready to apologize! he yelled in a gruff voice while his son was running round in his boxers. I chuckled; he must be looking for something to cover himself up with. I would have felt so embarrassed if that were me. I continued on toward the plaza with a smile. I finally arrived at the plaza; it was a fifteen minute walk because I was walking really slowly, eve n though it really felt like thirty. Taking my first steps I noticed the plaza was more crowded than Ive ever seen it. There was this supermarket that really wasnt that popular when it first opened. I remember coming here with my friends a while ago and it was the most dissected place Id ever seen. Now it was completely packed with customers, cars coming in and out of the parking lot. It kind of made me happy to see the plaza doing well. I walked in to the milk store and was it ever crowded. There must have been some special event going on. The line was really long too. I looked at the newspaper stand because I like looking at the covers of newspapers to see what the headline is, and I noticed the sign beside it. It said Milk sale 50% off The cashier then looked at me, Hey, you better run to the milk section before it runs out! I ran to the milk section, which Just happened to be located all the way at the back of the store. While running there I saw that there were two milk cartons left, with relief I started walking toward It. I opened the fridge door that had the milk in it and reached for It. Just as I was reaching for It another hand reached In with me and picked up the other can. I turned to see who It, and It was Carol, a girl from my school that I had a crush on. She was a really smart and beautiful person, although she has this problem of not being able to read In her head, Instead she would Just read out loud. Every time I saw her reading a book at he library, the people around her would get mad at her for not being quiet. She looked at me and said Hil in a really loud voice. I was in the girl Ive been crushing on has finally spoken to me. My heart wouldnt stop beating quickly and my hand wouldnt stop twitching. Looking at her face, I noticed her eyes were on my chest, she must have notice my muscles I thought to myself. I yelled Hil back along conversation Just ended, but at least she finally noticed me. I purchased the milk can and I walked out of the store a happy man. I had five dollars worth of change after purchasing the milk can, so I decided to head to the corner store further in the plaza. This corner store was the best; it was always the place to go when I was younger. All my friends and I would buy loads of candy and pop cans here when we younger, since the cost of it was as cheap as they come, ranging from five cents to a dollar. It was candy heaven for a kid. The only problem was the cashier; he was foreign and tends to have fun with every customer that walked in. For him it would be either laughing with you or laughing at you. I walked inside the store and went straight to he back where all the pop was. The pop in this store was only 60 cents. I walked up to the cashier and he looked at me with a smile on his face as I gave him a dollar for the drink. 40 cents change for the hobo! he said mischievously as if he planned out what he was going to say right when I walked in. The words didnt faze me though as I knew he was going to say something. As I was walking out an older woman walked in, Dont forget your wife! he said while laughing. I Just ignored his random comments and walked out of the store. I opened the drink and drank some. Its been ver an hour and it was going to get dark soon. l should get going I thought to myself. Right when I was about to take my first step towards home, I heard a commotion coming from the supermarket. Two men were fighting over watermelon. The watermelon was definitely big compared to the rest of the watermelons. One of the men had blond hair, with tattoos all over his arms. His Jeans had rips in them, he was wearing a wife beater, and he was wearing a head band. The other man was bald, he was wearing shorts, a t-shirt and his goatee hung down to his chest. This watermelon is mine! the blond man yelled. The bald man didnt reply and let go of the watermelon. Directly after he punched him in the face, took the watermelon and yelled Sucker! without even paying for it. There was crowd watching the whole incident go down as well. It was pretty serious for someone to hit a person and then steal something. My facial expression at that time showed a teenager with a straight face, but my in my head, Im laughing about the whole incident. I headed home, taking my time while observing my surroundings, as the sun was setting. All of the sudden, I heard a high pitch sound like someone was crying for help. I stood still so I could hear better, but the sound didnt come again. I continued walking, wondering what the sound could have been. It could have been someone from the plaza, but I really doubted that as Im a pretty far away from it. Chirp chirp! the sound came back again but much louder. It sounded like a bird. I stopped to look around and I found a bird behind a tree. The bird was stuck under a pile of branches and was crying for help. I put the milk carton down and I moved the branches off the bird. The branches were bigger than most branches and it was pretty heavy, as heavy as a pile f text books stacked together. The bird flew away while chirping. This time the chirping sounded very grateful like it was thanking me for helping it. The bird flew into the branches of the tree hidden in the leaves. All of the sudden an apple fell from the tree. I thought maybe it was a reward for helping it, so I took it graciously, picked up the milk can and continued on home while eating the apple. Im home! I said strongly as I walked in. Welcome home, Ill take the milk, do you want anything? while hurrying to my room. I decided to go straight to bed to catch up on some sleep, n a boring day, I guess I wouldnt want to spend the rest of it any other way. I went straight to sleep. The next day I woke up and I looked at the time. 8:30!? Im going to be late for summer school! I screamed. I got ready as quick as I could and ran out the door and barely managed to get on the bus. I sat down on the seat next to the bus doors. One of my classmates from my summer school happened to be sitting on the seat next to me and we started talking. I introduced myself and told him about my trip to the plaza. Wow! he said while laughing. mfr lucky, you had a really fun day!

The Relationship Between Feminism and Anthropology

The Relationship Between Feminism and Anthropology The relationship of feminism and anthropology can bring a new development to the way ethnographies are written and done. Lila Abu-Lughods statement feminist ethnography is an ethnography with women at the centre written for women by women can be seen as an effort to find a distinct way of doing and writing ethnography. In this essay I will look at the roots of feminism and feminist anthropology. I will then discuss Abu-Lughods statement and try to explain how her statement is beneficial to anthropology and whether it is possible to do research her way. I will secondly look at the advantages and disadvantages of the statement. I will focus on notions of partial identity and objectivity. Finally, I will conclude by discussing some of the issues surrounding the empowerment of women, and that although Abu-Lughods statement does have some benefits it misses the important point. I will argue that feminist ethnography should be used as a political tool for disadvantaged women and it should reflect a collective, dialectical process of building theory through struggles for change (Enslin:1994:545). Feminism can be defined as both a social movement and a perspective on society. As a social movement, it has challenged the historical subordination of women and advocated political, social, and economic equality between the sexes. As a social and sociological perspective, it has examined the roles that sex and gender play in structuring society, as well as the reciprocal role that society plays in structuring sex and gender (Oxford dictionary 2007). There are three main categories in which the different waves of feminism can be divided. Among the first one which was from 1850 to 1920, during this period most research was carried out by men. Feminists aimed to bring the voice of women in ethnography, they gave a different angle on experiences of women and the surrounding events. This brought a new angle because male ethnographies only had the opportunity to interview other men e.g. what were women like. Important figures during this period were P.Kayberry who worked with B.Malinowski at LSE. She focused on religion but she examined men and women in her work. Moving on to the second wave of which was from 1920s to 1980s, here the separation between sex and gender was made by important feminists. Sex as nature and gender as culture. This takes us to the nature culture dichotomy which is important when we are focusing on the subordination of women in different societies. The dichotomies between sex/gender, work/home, men/women, and nature/culture are important in social theory for raising debates. Important figures in the second wave feminism were Margaret Mead she made a lot of contribution in her work on the diversity of cultures here she helped to breakdown the bias that was based on concepts of what is natural, and she put more emphasis on culture in peoples development. Most important works of Mead was Coming of Age in Samoa (1928). Another important figure was Eleanor Leacock who was a Marxist feminist anthropologist. She focused on universality of female subordination and argued against this claim. This second wave of feminism was influenced by a number of events in history, the 1960s was closely linked to political ferment in Europe and North America, like the anti-Vietnam war movement and the civil rights movement. Feminism was something that grew out of these political events during the 1960s. Feminism argued that politics and knowledge were closely linked with each other so feminists were concerned with knowledge and we have to question the knowledge that was being given to us. Feminism during 1960s called for the establishment of womens writing, universities, feminist sociology and a feminist political order which would be egalitarian. Feminists became interested in anthropology, because they looked to ethnography as a source of information about whether women were being dominated everywhere by men. What are some of the ways that women are living different societies, was there evidence of equality between men and women. Did matriarchal societies ever exist and to get the answers to such questions they turned to ethnography. This takes us to the issue of ethnography and what we understand about women in different societies. It became obvious that traditional ethnographic work neglected women. Some of the issues surrounding women are; ethnograhies did not talk about womens worlds, it did not talk about what went on in womens lives, what they thought and what their roles were. When we discuss the question are women really subordinated, we realize that we do not know much about women in different societies. B.Malinowskis work on the Kula did discuss the male role in the exchange of valuables. But during the 1970s Anette Weiner (1983) went to study the same society and she found out women are playing an important role in Trobriand society too. Their involved with the Kula, exchanges, rituals etc but Malinowski never wrote about it. Female anthropologists of the 1970s would go and look for important men, and then they would study their values, their societies, what was important to them. These anthropologists assumed, that men followed male logics in this public/private divide in line with this divide between the domestic and public sphere. They would also assume that what went on in the public sphere, economy, politics was more important the domestic side. The concept of objectivity came to be regarded as a mode of male power. Feminists claimed that scientific ideals of universality, timelessness, and objectivity were inherently male-dominated and that the more feminist attributes of particularism, empathy and emotionality were devalued (Abu-Lughod 1990). Feminists argued that to take over male domination these female attributes had to be given more importance and made clear. Abu-Lughods ideal way of doing research is when a female ethnographer takes part in the ethnography, rather then removing herself, who listens to other womens voice and gives accounts (Abu-Lughod 1990). The female ethnographer is able to do so because although the women studied differ from the ethnographer, she shares part of the identity of her informant. The female researcher therefore has the appropriate tools to understand the other womans life (Abu-Lughod 1990). this is why according to Abu-Lughod female ethnography should be an ethnography with women at the centre written by and for women. Abu-Lughod says that early feminist anthropologists did not really do anything about knowledge. They had good intentions but they didnt do much as they were trapped in ways of thinking that had been given to them by the masculine nature of the academy. Let us now discuss the first part of Abu-Lughods statement, whether feminist ethnography should be an ethnography with women at the centre written by women. Abu-Lughod claims that women understand other women in a better way. The female researcher shares some form of identity with her subject of study (Abu-Lughod 1990, Caplan 1988). For example some women have experience of form of male domination which puts the researcher in a good position to understand the women being researched. At the same time, the researcher keeps a certain distance from her informant and therefore can both have a partial identification with her subject of study, so blurring the distinction between the self and other, and still being able to account being able to account for others separateness (Strathern view in Caplan 1988). In a Weberian sense, the female researcher can use herself as an ideal type by analyzing the similarities and differences between herself and other women. According to Abu-Lughod, this i s the best objectivity that achieved (Abu-Lughod 1990, Weber 1949). Pat Caplan (1988) offers a good example of partial identity and understanding between women. According to Caplan the most important task for an ethnographer is to try and understand the people whom she is studying. Caplan writes about the research she did in Tanzania, East Africa. In her twenties, the women in the village were happy, satisfied and free but when she went back ten years later she realized the problems women were facing daily. While Caplan could not empathise with her informants at an earlystage of her life, because their identities were too different, she could atleast do in her thirties. In comparison a male ethnographer would probably never have realized the difficulties women are facing in their society (Caplan 1988). There are two criticisms to this argument. Firstly, to understand women, the female ethnographer has to take men into account as well because as it has been argued in the second wave of feminism the relationship between men and women is an important factor to understand society. So the partial identity between women that gives Abu-Lughods statement its importance but it loses it when a man enters the stage (Caplan 1988). Secondly, there is a danger to feminist ethnographers who only base their studies on women, treating women as the problem or exception of anthropological research and writing monographs for a female audience. In the 1980s feminist writers have argued that the construction if only two sexes and genders is arbitrary and artificial. Peoples sexual identities are infact between the two extremes of male and female. By only looking at womens worlds and dealing with an limited female audience, feminist ethnographers, even though stressing the marginalized part of the dualis m, enforce the traditional categories of men and women rather then allowing for a plurality of gender of genders (Moore 1999, Caplan 1988). Nancy Hartstock says why is it that just when subject or marginalized peoples like blacks, the colonized and women have begun to have and demand a voice, they are told by the white boys that there can be no authoritative speaker or subject (Abu-Lughod, p.17). To be in favour of Abu-Lughods argument it can be said that maybe the putting forward of this kind of ideal types, or points of reference, of men and women is what we need in order not to fall victim to daunting relativity and imprecise ethnographic work ( Moore 1999, Harraway 1988). For Abu-Lughod it is important for the ethnographer to be visible, this is because the reader can contextualize and understand the ethnographer in a important way. Whether the ethnographer is a woman should also be made clear. The ethnographer would also have to tell the reader about all of her background e.g. economic, geographic, national so the reader can properly understand the research. By only saying that the ethnographer is female and that sh e is doing research about women for women, the differences between all these women are overlooked. For example what would a white middle-class American single woman have in common with a poor Sudanese woman from the desert who has seven children, than she has in common with a middle-class Indian businessman who flies to San Francisco atleast twice a year? (Caplan 1988). Women are different everyone in the world and they come from different cultures so how can a ethnographer even if shes female say that she can write ethnographies about women and for women in general? It is unlikely that a non-western, non-middle class, non anthropologist will read the female ethnography written by a feminist scholar (Abu-Lughod 1990, Caplan 1988). There is a danger to implicitly apply Western stereotypes of feminity when doing research on women in parts of the world where the idea of being woman might be very different from the one we are familiar with (Abu-Lughod 1990). This criticism, is not totally dismissing Abu-Lughods statement because the anthropologist explicitly talks about partial identity not absolute identification or sameness. Abu-Lughods theory is strong in a way also, because she emphasizes particularity rather than universality and generality. In Donna Haraways words, The only way to find a larger vision, is to be somewhere in particular (Haraway 1988, p.590). Abu-Lughod focuses on stopping the male-centeredness in human science. This, as has been argued, is not enough: If women truly want to counter the male-centeredness in ethnographic writing, they not only have to get rid of the fact that it is mostly written by men for men, but should also counter all the other aspects of alleged scientific ideals such as universality, objectivity, generality, abstractness and timelessness. Female ethnographies, in that sense, do not have to be about women only in order to be distinct from conventional or male ethnography (Lutz 1995). On the other hand, feminist scholars have argued that male researchers tend to ignore womens lives and accounts, regard it as inappropriate to write about them or find it unnecessary to deal with their issues (Caplan 1988). In that sense, in order to compensate this imbalance, someone, i.e. the feminist scholars, has to do the job in order to give more power to women (Caplan 1988, Haraway 1988). The participation of women in public life has changed specially after the second world war, but there are still differences: womens voices are considered as being less competent, irrational, emotional and not worthy (Lutz 1995). Feminist scholars have also faced difficulties in the professional world, they might not have faced prejudice against their theories but situations like finding publishers for their research, less job opportunities (Caplan 1988). Feminists in return have reacted to this by adopting a tactic of resistance, rather than assimilating to masculine topics or styles of writing, they have stressed and looked for their distinct feminist ethnographic style (Lutz 1995). Abu-Lughod has therefore by bringing up her theory given power to anthropological feminists she has given them a tool to reflect different realities in a female way. This argument raises another question of who is actually being empowered by a feminist ethnography. Is it the women who are being studied? Or the feminist ethnographers themselves? What should matter more than reflexive ethnography or a feminist style of writing. What should matter more than the way an ethnography is constructed, or the way it is seen by the reader; what should matter more is the conclusions the researcher draws from ethnographic work and how it its put into praxis and used to empower the informants themselves. This applies more to a female ethnography that needs to counter the discrimination of women all over the world (Enslin 1994). It is important to give women their voice by writing about them but also accounts of marginalized women by themselves (e.g. autobiographies of black non-western women) remain marginalized, even in the field of womens writing or studies: feminist ethnography in Abu-Lughods terms thus undermines the agency of the women who are being studied (Enslin 1994). Female ethnographic writing has also been criticized for being exploitative. When a female researcher tells personal life stories and problems of the women whom sh e is studying, the researcher tends to give more intimate details than more positivist masculine researchers do, for her own academic purposes she is misusing her informants (Enslin 1994).

Apparel Brand Research Project Prada

Apparel Brand Research Project Prada BRAND OVERVIEW Prada was founded in 1913 by Mario Prada, Miuccia Pradas grandfather, in Milan.   Ã‚   Located in the prestigious Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Prada was an exclusive, stylish store selling luggage, accessories and luxury goods, in fine materials and of sophisticated workmanship. The Milan store quickly became a firm favourite with the Italian aristocracy and the most sophisticated members of the European elite. In 1919 Prada received the warrant of Official Supplier of the Italian Royal Household, and since then has been able to display the royal Savoy coat of arms and figure-of-eight knots alongside the company logo. Miuccia Prada and Patrizio Bertelli started working together in the late 70s, laying the foundations of the international expansion that was to come. Patrizio Bertelli broke new ground in the luxury goods sector, introducing a new business model in which he kept direct, internal control over all processes, applying uncompromised quality criteria across the entire production cycle. Miuccia Pradas creative talent and avant-garde approach attracted the attention of the global fashion industry, while her ability to look at the world from an unconventional vantage point allowed her not only to anticipate, but quite often, to set new trends. The classic Prada suitcase was made of heavy walrus skin but as plane travel made heavy suitcases impractical, the company started to make lighter bags and high quality items made of crystals, tortoise shell and wood. They also sold garments of waterproof fabrics to the U.S. However the company had gone into decline in the 1970s. 1950 Miuccia Prada was born. By her mid-20s she had a doctorate in political science and in her 30s, she was a communist. In 1970 she started making backpack bags out of waterproof fabric called Pocone. 1979 She took over the Prada family business. Since sales were down, she expanded into luxury tote bags and backpacks in black with flat classic lines, made from nylon. 1985 She launched a line of footwear for women and her first pret-a-porter clothing line, using high quality fabrics. Her clean lines gave her fame, and she came to be known for under-stated elegant garments. 1993 She received an International award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America. 1995 She won Designer of the Year award. 1998 Prada opened their first menswear shop in Los Angeles, USA. They also opened new Prada stores in Manhattan and Las Vegas, as well as Miu Mius first North American boutique, in Los Angeles. Prada is now a worldwide empire, with stores in practically every country in the western world. It is a million-dollar concern, with every celebrity wearing Prada clothes. 2. NATURE OF BRAND AND ITS TARGET MARKET The Prada brand targets an international customer base that is modern, sophisticated, attuned to stylistic innovations, and expects craftsmanship of the highest quality.       The brands iconic trademarks, which are readily recognized around the world, incorporate the Savoy coat of arms and Savoy figure-of-eight knot, reflecting its heritage as an official supplier to the former Royal family of Italy. Introduced in the 1980s, Pradas famous black nylon bag with the signature triangle logo has been an enduring classic, with both the nylon bag and the logo becoming icons in the brands history. The Prada brand represents the best of Italian culture and tradition, sophisticated style and uncompromising quality, and as one of the most innovative fashion brands are capable of re-defining the norm and setting new trends. Prada also captured the attention of literary and cinematic audiences when the novel The Devil Wears Prada was first published in 2003, and then was made into a movie in 2006. The Prada brands distinctive originality is built on its unique approach to style, craftsmanship and constant innovation in materials and designs, as we unceasingly exert creativity in the development of fashionable designs, sophisticated fabrics and innovative production techniques. At the heart of the evolution of fashion, we believe Prada has been a sophisticated interpreter of its times and a forerunner of style and trends. Prada is a premium brand. It is very high quality which unfortunatly comes with a substantially high price tag. 2.1. PRADA GEOGRAPHICAL SEGMENTATION Under geographical segmentation, product or service is divided accordingly to geographic units, such as nations, states, regions, countries, cities or neighbourhoods. Directly operated stores, including the epicentres, are designed, constructed and managed in accordance with precise guidelines: location chosen are among the most prestigious. 2.2. PRADA PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION Psychographic segmentation divides the market into groups based on social class, lifestyle and personality characteristics. The PRADA brand targets an international customer base that is modern, sophisticated, attuned to stylist innovations, and expects craftsmanship of the highest quality. 3. RETAIL DISTRIBITION CHANNELS Prada, Miu Miu, Churchs and Car Shoe products are sold through two distribution channels: The retail channel, represented by the single-brand stores (including the three Epicentres) directly operated by the company, which currently account for approximately 78% of sales; the independent channel of multi-brand stores, department stores and franchises (so called wholesale). This distribution solution enables the Group to have a presence in the most exclusive points-of-sale which are either single-brand or multi-brand worldwide. The Groups commercial strategy is based on a selective analysis of the potential of individual markets, an innovative approach and rigorous control of display and presentation criteria, and a continuous search for original sales concepts. Prada has always pioneered new solutions combining design, architecture, and technology to create environments that not only encourage sales but also communicate its unique strong brand identity and the cultural influences and values of the Prada world in a consistent and homogeneous way. Towards the end of the nineties, Prada decided to redefine the concept of shopping and enlisted the help of pioneering architects of international renown, Rem Koolhaas and Herzog de Meuron, recent winners of the prestigious Pritzker Prize. The result of this partnership was the creation of the Prada Epicenters: areas and buildings which have rapidly acquired landmark status both locally and internationally. Pradas Epicentres have not only transformed the concept of shopping but have also fused it with cutting edge technology and a multitude of cultural stimuli, offering customers a whole range of unique experiences and exclusive services. There are currently three Prada Epicentres: one in SoHo, New York (designed by Rem Koolhaas in 2001); another in Aoyama, Tokyo (Herzog de Meuron, 2003); and the third in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles (also by Rem Koolhaas, 2004). Directly operated stores, including the three Epicentres, are designed, constructed and managed in accordance with precise guidelines: location chosen are among the most prestigious and the personnel is selected and trained to provide customers with an exclusive treatment. This type of store contributes to maintaining a very close relationship with customers, providing immediate information about the market trend. Moreover, direct-sale stores also provide very valuable support for the brand, acting as true ambassadors communicating the Prada image consistently and uniformly all over the world. Prada manages the independent shops and department stores channel based on selective distribution and a well-defined strategy of control aimed at maintaining outstanding quality and high volumes, ensuring consistency in merchandising and monitoring sales performance. Franchise shops are located in specific markets where this form of retail is imposed by local legislation or custom, and entail partnerships with local entrepreneurs with an excellent knowledge of the relevant market. The wholesale channel, besides ensuring the brand benefits by a series of shop windows in particularly significant positions in key markets, enables a direct and immediate comparison to be made with the competitor brands. Therefore, the sales trend through the independent channel represents a very useful indicator of the consumer trends and brand strength. 3.1. PRADAS FALL CAMPAIGN IS ALL ABOUT MODERN FEMININITY AND NEW FACES The way fashion houses describe their collections and ad campaigns can often sound like pure nonsense. But the person responsible for announcing Pradas fall 2015 campaign did a pretty good job of summing it up as an elegant, ironic ode to meta-modern femininity. Like the collection itself, the campaign shot by Steven Meisel is very pretty, but odd. Theres a sense of isolation in the arrangement of the models, who do not look at or touch each other but stare at an unspecified object off-camera. Theres also a feeling of youth and newness provided by a cast of fairly new faces, including Avery Blanchard, Estella Boersma, Inga Dezhina, Lineisy Montero, Ine Neefs, Greta Varlese and Maartje Verhoef, all of whom have walked the runway for Prada and/or Miu Miu this past seasons. Prada has a knack for casting promising models fairly earlier in their careers, so while some of them already have a campaign or two under their belts, expect to see these girls even more in the coming seasons. Montero, whom everyone started talking about when she walked in the brands fall 2015 show, has already landed a Teen Vogue cover. 4. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Website as a whole and all material on this Website, as well the Prada trademark, are owned and registered by Prada S.A., a company with registered office at 23 rue Aldigren, L-1118 Luxembourg. Prada website is operated by Prada S.p.A., an Italian corporation having its principal place of business at Via Antonio Fogazzaro 28, 20135 Milan, Italy, operating holding company of the Prada Group. Prada S.A. and Prada S.p.A. are collectively referred to as PRADA; Prada S.p.A. and its subsidiaries will be collectively referred to as Prada Group hereinafter. All trademarks and logos, whether registered or not, displayed on the Website, including but not limited to the Prada trademark, as well as all the other distinctive marks connected with PRADA and reproduced on the Website, are and will remain the exclusive property of Prada S.A.. These trademarks may not be used in connection with any product or service that does not originate with PRADA, in any manner that is likely to cause confusion among users, or in any manner that disparages or discredits the Prada name and trademark and the products bearing the Prada trademark. Prada website and all the content included therein, including, but not limited to, all texts, information, data, images, icons, photographs, illustrations, multimedia content (graphic, audio and video), charts, indices, descriptions, data, software, HTML codes and screens contained therein and the like (hereinafter collectively Content), is owned by or licensed to PRADA and is subject to protection by international int ellectual property laws, including, but not limited to, rights in the nature of patent rights, copyrights, trade secrets, trade names, trademarks, service marks, moral rights, know-how and any other similar rights recognized under laws or international conventions in any country or jurisdiction in the world. All materials contained in this Website, except for the e-store section, are displayed for informational or promotional purpose only. Subject to these Terms and Conditions of Use, and except as otherwise indicated on the Website, you may access, download, copy, store, manipulate, reformat, print or display any Content to which you have obtained authorized access solely for your personal use and not for business purposes. You may not otherwise download, copy, store, manipulate, reformat, print, display, publish, transmit, distribute, create a derivative work from, resell or make any other use of, the Website, or any Content contained therein. No right, title and/or interest deriving from or pertaining to the Content, material or software of the Website may be deemed assigned to or acquired by you as a result of your use of the Website. You agree to accept and abide by all copyright or trademark notices and other notices contained on the Website and in the Content. All rights are reserved in all countries worldwide. People aware that the Prada products are sold exclusively at Prada monobrand stores, at prestigious multi-brand stores and points of sale belonging to Prada S.p.A.s selective retail network, outlets belonging to the Prada Group and in the e-store section of the Website which is only available in certain countries, as better specified on the Website. Any purchase outside of these points of sale is entirely at the purchasers risk, in particular with regard to the authenticity of any such purchased items. http://www.prada.com/content/dam/external/terms-conditions/EU-EN.pdf 5.OWNERSHIP UPON BRAND Miuccia Prada is the co-CEO and lead designer of the handbag and fashion empire Prada, in which she has a 28% stake. In 1977 Miuccia and her siblings Albert and Marina inherited the family fashion business, founded in 1913 by their grandfather. Miuccia met Patrizio Bertelli, who ran a luxury leather company, at a Milan trade show in 1977 and signed him on as a contractor. A year later, they were married and Bertelli joined the company, taking care of the business side of things while pushing Prada into new directions. He serves as co-CEO with Miuccia, and his stake in the company also makes him a billionaire. In 1986 Prada opened its first store in New York and expanded beyond high-end suitcases, handbags, and steamer trunks. A few years later, the company unveiled a ready-to-wear womens collection and a second brand, Miu Miu. Miuccia, who has a Ph.D in political science from the University of Milan, took the company public with Bertelli in Hong Kong in 2011. 5.1. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Our Board consists on nine Directors, of whom four are executive Directors, two are non-executive Directors and three are independent non-executive Directors. The ordinary shareholders meeting of 26 May 2015 resolved to appoint the Board of Directors for a term of three financial years. The boards mandate will therefore expire with the shareholders meeting to be convened for the approval of the financial statements for the year ending 31 January 2018. The below shows the current members of the Boards of Directors: Mazzi, Carlo: -chairperson and executive director Prada Bianchi, Miuccia: -chief executive officer and executive director Bertelli, Patrizio: chief executive officer and executive director Cozzani, Alessandra: -chief financial officer and executive director Cereda, Maurizio: -non-executive director Simontacchi, Stefano: -non-executive director Mattei, Gian Franco Oliviero: -independent non-executive director Forestieri, Giancarlo: independent non-executive director Liu, Sing Cheong: -independent non-executive director 5.2. SHAREHOLDERS STRUCTURE As of 31 January 2015, the shareholder structure of Prada S.p.A. is composed as follows 6. LICENCES AND JOINT VENTURES Eyewear In 2000 the PRADA Group developed its first Prada and Miu Miu branded sunglasses, and in 2003 it signed a licence agreement with Luxottica Group, a world leader in eyewear. Under the creative supervision of Miuccia Prada and Patrizio Bertelli, Prada coordinates the conception, design, styling and communications for all collections, while Luxottica has exclusive worldwide rights to the production and distribution of Prada and Miu Miu sunglasses and eyeglasses. Not only is this an important business agreement, but it is also an excellent example of comprehensive cooperation in creativity, style, production and distribution between two of Italys foremost industrial groups. Fragrances In 2003, an agreement was entered into with Puig Beauty Fashion Group, one of the worlds largest producers of cosmetics and fragrances, creating a joint venture for the production, distribution and development of Prada perfumes. Here, too, Prada is actively involved in the various phases of product, creation and development as well as communications, while responsibility for production and worldwide distribution is in the experienced and highly qualified hands of Puig.In 2004, after lengthy and thorough research by Miuccia Prada in cooperation with some of the most qualified noses in the world, Amber the first Prada perfume for women was created. Greeted with unanimous critical and public acclaim, Prada Amber perfume has enjoyed encouraging commercial success in all markets where it has been presented. In 2006 Prada unveiled its first mens fragrance, Prada Amber Pour Homme, marking the birth of the first Made in Prada perfumes family under the amber scent. A new perfume for women, Infusion dIris, was launched in 2007, which was the key to developing a series of complementary, innovative and personal products for bodycare and for the home. From this new pillar a collection of limited edition fragrances was derived: the Ephemeral Infusion Collection that includes Infusion de Fleur dOranger, Infusion de Tubà ©reuse and Infusion de Và ©tiver. In 2011, Prada Candy, the third pillar of the Prada fragrances, is launched. A new perfume for women that highlights the funny aspect of the brand also in the beauty sector. Mobile telephones In 2006, the PRADA Group entered into an agreement with LG Electronics, one of the world leaders in mobile telecommunications technology, to develop an innovative and iconic mobile telephone. By leveraging their respective skills, Prada and LG explored all of the products aspects together, both in terms of the contents (for example: software, user interface and music), and in terms of the presentation (from the design to the packaging): the partnership created the Prada Phone by LG, a unique, sophisticated and elegant telephone, the first in the world to have an interface that is completely touch screen. The Prada Phone by LG was launched in March 2007 in Italy, Great Britain, France and Germany, and subsequently on the principal Asian markets and in Latin America. The products high qualitative and innovative content enables a significant commercial success to be achieved, with more than 1,000,000 mobile telephones sold. In October 2008 Prada and LG launch the second phone, another quantum leap in mobile phone innovation and design, thanks to ultra-thin keyboard and new enhanced technological features. In December 2011, Prada and LG unveiled the partnerships latest smartphone, the Prada phone by LG 3.0 that combines Pradas distinctive style with LGs innovative technology, including one of the biggest and brightest screens in the world with 4.3inch and 800-nit screen. 7. PRODUCT LOGISTICS Product distribution is handled through five central warehouses, four in Italy and one in UK. It is managed by a group division which coordinates product storage, shipping and distribution, as well as arranging transport and customs procedures. Central to the Prada Groups distribution strategy is the development of its retail channel in all markets, both consolidated and emerging, focusing in particular on nations with high growth potential. The Groups distribution network extends across 70 countries, counting 551 directly-operated stores (at 30 April 2014), which form the backbone of the Groups international expansion strategy, and a selection of department stores and multi-brand retail spaces in the most significant cities and stylish locations. The reasons for this strategy are many: not only the DOS are the supreme showcase for newly-launched collections, but they also offer a direct relationship with customers and provide real-time feedback on how each product category is performing. Over and above their primary role as a sales point, DOS also represent an important communication tool: real embassies of each brand, they portray their image in a clear and consistent manner. Direct sales account for about 83% of consolidated revenues while the remaining 17% is generated by the wholesale channel (multi-brand retail spaces and department stores 16%), from franchising (about 1%). 8. NET SALES OF PRADA 8.1. NET SALES ANALYSIS (amounts in thousands of Canadians) ended January 31, 2016 ended January 31, 2015 % change Net sales of directly operated stores (DOS) 4,344,819 86.30% 4,232,865 83.90% 2.60% Net Sales to independent customers and franchisees 631,349 12.50% 756,214 15.00% -16.50% Royalties 61,666 1.20% 54,329 1.10% 13.50% Net revenues, total 5,037,835 100.00% 5,043,408 100.00% -0.10% 8.2. NET SALES OF DIRECTLY OPERATED STORES (DOS) ended January 31, 2016 ended January 31, 2015 % change Net sales of DOS by geographical area Italy 12.80% 11.90% 10.70% Europe 21.80% 21.60% 3.30% Americas 13.40% 13.10% 5.00% Asia Pacific 35.30% 37.90% -4.40% Japan 13.20% 12.20% 10.70% Middle East 3.40% 3.10% 11.50% Other countries 0.10% 0.10% 41.40% Total 100.00% 100.00% 2.60% 8.3. PRADA GROUP FIGURES www.prada.com/ company profile FEBRUARY 2016 9. CAPITAL OR MARKET VALUE 9.1. INCOME STATEMENT Year on year Prada SpAs net income fell -26.59% from 634.04 million to 465.46 million despite relatively flat revenues. A contributing factor has been an increase in the selling, general and administrative costs as a percentage of sales from 48.33% to 54.41%. Gross margin 72.12% Net profit margin 8.76% Operating margin 12.92% Revenue Net Income Return on assets 6.05% Return on equity 9.71% Return on investment 7.59% 9.2. BALANCE SHEET Year on year, growth in dividends per share remained flat while earnings per share excluding extraordinary items fell by -26.59%. Additionally, five year annualized earnings per share growth is in-line with the industry average relative to its peers. Current ratio2 2.24 Quick ratio 1.48 Total debt/total equity 0.3183 Total debt/total capital 0.2402 9.3. GROWTH RATES Year on year, growth in dividends per share remained flat while earnings per share excluding extraordinary items fell by -26.59%. Additionally, five year annualized earnings per share growth is in-line with the industry average relative to its peers. Dividends Per Share Div yield (5 year avg) 0.24% Div growth rate (5 year) Payout ratio (TTM) 99.03% Earnings Per Share EPS growth (5 years)

Prelude to Beowulf´s Last Fight :: English Epics Literature Anglo Saxon Essays

Prelude to Beowulf ´s Last Fight The Old English epic Beowulf depicts Anglo-Saxon warrior culture where fate (wyrd) governs the actions of the hero. Beowulf, now over seventy years old and king of the Geats, has earned his respect and glory on the battlefields as a great warrior. The honorable old king has ruled for fifty years, and according to the author, "he was a wise king, an old guardian of the land" (Norton, 55), when the dragon attacks Beowulf's Hall, assaulting Geats at night. The dragon - "the worm" - as he is referred to sometimes by the poet, while guarding the treasure in the depth of his cave, is awakened by a slave who steals the cup from his hoard. The dragon, being greedy, is infuriated: "the hoard-guard waited restless until evening came; then the barrow keeper was in rage: he would requite that precious drinking cup with vengeful fire."(Norton, 56) The treasure, that is now guarded by the worm, once (over three hundred years ago) belonged to a tribe of great warriors. Many have died over the years on the battlefields; only one, the Last Survivor, has escaped the terrible fate, and so he speaks: " War-death has taken each man of my people, evil, dreadful and deadly, each of those who has given up this life, the hall-joy of men. I have none who wears sword or cleans the plated cup, rich drinking vessel. The company of retainers has gone elsewhere†¦ There is no harp-delight, no mirth of the singing wood, no good hawk flies through the hall, no swift horse stamps in the castle court. Baleful death has sent away many races of men." (Norton, 56) Parallel to this speech is the ubi sunt passage from Old English poem "The Wanderer." The old warrior, the wanderer or, as the poet calls him, "the earth-walker," who has lost his comrades in the battles, talks about the loneliness of exile and the aimlessness of war: "Where has the horse gone?

Ethics of Human Cloning Essays -- Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Arg

Ethics of Human Cloning    On February 23, 1997 Dolly the lamb was literally made. She is not the work of nature or nature's God but of man, and Englishman, Ian Wilmut, and his fellow scientists. Dolly came into being not only asexually but also as the genetically identical copy of mature ewe, of whom she is a clone. When the startling news was heard throughout the world, there seemed to be substantial debate over the issue since it would open the doors for the possibility of human cloning. Most of the concerns that the opponents have emphasized in the debates have been ethical ones, yet there is not one clear answer to this issue. (McCarthy, 1999, 98) The first effect of the Dolly announcement was to fire the public imagination. Commentators were quick to speculate about the possibility of cloning a human. The Los Angeles Times opined that such a discovery" opens the door to a "blade Runner" world of human replicants. The Wall Street Journal asked business leaders and newsmakers whether they would like to have themselves cloned. Feminists observed that the technique finally made the men superfluous. (Wilder,1999,p180) Even though the cloning of Dolly seems to be unique to the public, yet not in the history of the scientific world. The word "clone" comes from the Greek for twig, and horticulturists have been taking cuttings and growing new plants from them for centuries. The word came into current usage when the renowned British biologist J.B.S. Haldane suggested in 1963 that it would be soon possible to create genetic duplicates of plants, animals, and even humans. The populace has neglected that roughly thirty years ago, it became public that a clutch of tadpoles was cloned in England through a... ...are to Hong Kong." From the government to the scientists, there is no clear answer in what they believe in human cloning, which this paper has showed. Even though I have researched this topic a great deal, I still have not figured out what the public as whole stand is on this issue,    Work Cited Burley, Justine; Harris, John 1999) Human Cloning. Journal of Medical Ethics v25 pg108 Edwords, Fred (1999) How Biotechnology is transforming what we believe in and how we live. Humanist v59 pg23. McCarthy, David (1999) Human Cloning. Journal Of Medical Ethics v25 pg. 98 Miele, Frank (1999) How close are we to cloning time. Skeptic v7 pg48. Wilder, Bruce (1999) From Bastardy to Cloning: Adaptations of Legal Thought for Unorthodox Reproduction. Human Rights Journal of the Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities v154 p80.

Six Sigma Question Paper

MGT 561 – Operations Management Exam B Student Name: ____________________________Date: _________ Operations and Productivity (each question is worth 1 point) 1) Manufacturing and service organizations differ chiefly because manufacturing is goods-oriented and service is act-oriented. TrueFalse 2) Operations, marketing, and finance need to function independently of each other in most organizations if they are to be truly effective as an organization. TrueFalse 3) â€Å"How much inventory of this item should we have? † is within the critical decision area of quality management? TrueFalse 4) Customer interaction is often high for manufacturing processes, but low for services. TrueFalse 5) Productivity is the total value of outputs produced divided by the total value of all inputs to the transformation process. TrueFalse The operations function includes which of the following activities. a) forecasting b) capacity planning c) scheduling d) managing inventories e) all of the above Manufacturing-related jobs are decreasing in America for which of the following reasons. a) global competition b) technology advances ) because manufacturing workers in California earn $25K/yr less than service workers d) a and b e) b and c Which of the following is not a typical service attribute? a) easy to store b) intangible product c) customer interaction is high d) simultaneous production and consumption e) difficult to resell Operations Strategy in a Global Environment (each question is worth 1 point) One reason to globalize is to learn to improve operations. TrueFalse 10) Dec isions that involve what is to be made and what is to be purchased fall under the heading of supply chain management. TrueFalse The use of a SWOT analysis is only applicable to manufacturing organizations? TrueFalse The product life cycle phases include introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. TrueFalse Which of the following is true about business strategies? a) an organization should maintain its strategy for the life of the business b) all firms within an industry will adopt the same strategy c) well defined missions make strategy development much easier d) strategies are formulated independently of SWOT analysis e) organizational strategies depend on operations strategies The ability of an organization to produce services that, by utilizing the consumer’s five senses, have some uniqueness in their characteristics is a) mass production b) time-based competition c) differentiation d) flexible response e) experience differentiation Which of the following is the best example of competing on low-cost leadership? a) a firm produces its product with less raw material waste than its competitors b) a firm offers more reliable products than its competitors c) a firm’s products are introduced into the market faster than its competitors d) a firm advertises less than its competitors Which of these is not one of the characteristics of high return on investment organizations? a) high product quality b) high capacity utilization c) low investment intensity d) low direct cost per unit e) global location Design of Goods and Services (each question is worth 1 point) Studies confirm that firms considered to be industry leaders typically generate 15-20 percent of their overall sales from new products released over the last 5 years. True False 18) QFD stands for quality for development. True False Value analysis focuses on design improvement during production. True False 20) The analysis tool that helps determine what products to develop, and by what strategy, by listing products in descending order of their individual dollar contribution to the firm is a) decision tree analysis b) pareto analysis c) breakeven analysis d) product-by-value analysis e) product life cycle analysis 21) Quality function deployment a) determines what will satisfy the customer b) translates customer desires into the target design c) is used early in the design process d) is used to determine where to deploy quality efforts e) all of the above 2) Which of the following is true concerning CAD? a) accurate information flows to other departments b) most product costs are determined at the design stage c) design options are easier to review before final commitments are made d) virtually all products have their development cycle shortened e) all of the above are true The dimensions, tolerances, materials, and finishes of a component are typically shown on a (an) a) eng ineering drawing b) bill of material c) statement of work d) work order e) none of the above Managing Quality (each question is worth 1 point) 4) An international quality standard developed to establish commonly accepted procedures to manage product quality is ISO 9000. True False 25) Statistical process control, one of the tools of total quality management, uses statistics and control charts to evaluate processes. True False 26) The concept of selecting best practices to use as a standard for performance is referred to as a quality circle. True False 27) Generally speaking, the cost of quality represents the cost of doing things wrong, that is, the price of nonconformance. True False 8) Which of the following is not one of the major categories of costs associated with quality? a) prevention costs b) appraisal costs c) internal failures d) external failures e) none of the above, they are all major categories of costs 29) A successful total quality management (TQM) program incorporat es all of the following except: a) continuous improvement b) employee involvement c) benchmarking d) centralized decision-making authority e) none of the above 30) The â€Å"four M’s† of cause-and-effect diagrams are a) material/machinery/manpower/methods b) material/methods/men/mental attitude ) material/management/manpower/motivation d) none of the above Supply Chain Management (each question is worth 1 point) 31) The objective of the make-or-buy decision is to help identify the products and services that should be purchased externally or made internally. TrueFalse Because service firms do not acquire goods and services externally, their supply chain management issues are insignificant. TrueFalse Blanket orders are a long-term purchase commitment to a supplier for items that are to be delivered against short-term releases to ship. TrueFalse 34) One of the keys to effective supply chain management includes developing â€Å"long-term partnerships† with key suppliers. TrueFalse 35) Standardization is the process of increasing the number of variations in materials and components to assist in supply chain’s efforts to enlarge their supplier base. TrueFalse In supply chain management, ethical issues a) are particularly important because of the enormous opportunities for abuse b) may be guided by company rules and codes of conduct ) become more complex with the increasing trend toward global suppliers d) may be guided by the standards of the Institute for Supply Management e) all of the above are true An approach that seeks efficiency of operations through the integration of all material acquisitions, movement, and storage activities is a) integration b) logistics management c) line balancing d) product design e) none of the above Inventory Management (each question is worth 1 point) 38) One function of inventory is take advantage of quantity discounts TrueFalse 9) ABC analysis is based on the presumption that carefully controlling all items is necessary to produce important inventory savings. TrueFalse 40) In cycle counting, the frequency of item counting and stock verification usually varies from item to item depending upon the item’s ABC classification. TrueFalse 41) Insurance and taxes on inventory are part of the costs known as setup or ordering costs. TrueFalse 42) Most inventory models attempt to minimize a) total inventory based costs b) the number of orders placed c) the safety stock ) the likelihood of a stockout e) the number of items ordered 43) The major purpose of safety stock is to a) replace failed units with good ones b) eliminate the possibility of a stockout c) eliminate the likelihood of a stockout due to erroneous inventory tally d) control the likelihood of a stockout due to the variability of demand during lead time e) protect the firm from a sudden d ecrease in demand 44) The following are inventory models for independent demand a) basic economic order quantity (EOQ) b) production order quantity c) quantity discount model ) a and b only e) a, b, and c JIT and Lean Production Systems (each question is worth 1 point) 45) In a JIT system, product inspection adds value by identifying defective items. True False 46) Because most services cannot be inventoried, there is little place for JIT to help service organizations achieve competitive advantage. True False Kanban is the Japanese word for card that has come to mean â€Å"signal† in JIT terminology. TrueFalse Setup time reductions are not a key aspect of an effective lean production system. True False 9) If the goals of JIT partnerships are met, which of the following is a result? a) for incoming goods, receiving activity and inspection are outsourced b) in-transit inventory falls as suppliers are located closer to facilities c) the number of suppliers increases d) in-plant inventory replaces in-transit inventory e) all of the above are consequences of meeting the JIT partnership goals 50) Which of the following is not a layout tactic in a JIT environment? a) work cells for families of products b) fixed equipment c) minimizing distance d) little space for inventory e) poka-yoke devices

Determination of the Fundamental Electronic Charge

ELECTROLOYSIS OF piddle DETERMINATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRONIC vanquish off PURPOSE The fundamental electronic institutionalise of irrigate ordain be determined. A system of collecting the formation of H2 and O2 exploitation two inverted glass compendiums tubes and a 1-L beaker filled with water exit be setup. An electrolyte (H2SO4) get out be added to water to get it an electrical conductor. A small count of electricity give be utilise to the water (roughly 400 mA) to oxidize the type O and reduce the hydrogen at the alike time. The molecular hydrogen and oxygen gases produced will be confine in the separated, inverted tubes so that their volumes can be measured.In equivalence the volume of gases produced, applying Daltons Law and the perfection flatulency Equation along with the lotion of the stoichiometric symmetry between the electron and the gases, the fundamental electronic charge will be determined. THEORY H+ ions will join together at the cathode (t he banish electrode) to produce H Atoms, and the H atoms will join to form molecules of H2 gas. At the commanding electrode (the anode), H20 molecules will decompose to replace the H+ ions lost and release O2 gas. The reactions appear below. H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) Reduction (at the cathode) 2H20(l) 4H+(aq) + O2(g) + 4e-Oxidation (at the anode) The volume of H2 and O2 will be directly proportional to the time and up-to-date applied to the system. This will provide the effect of electrons consumed on a stoichiometric symmetry as follows 1 H2(g) to 2 e-Reduction (at the cathode)(1) 1 O2(g) to 4 e-Oxidation (at the anode)(2) The moles of electrons can be express as a rearrangement of the idealistic Gas Equation Ne = PV/RT(3) Where P = embrace in asynchronous transfer mode, V = volume in L, R = Gas Constant of 0. 08206 atm mol-1 K-1 and T = temperature in KelvinThe echt electronic charge of water will be calculated as follows e- = it/NeNx the stoichiometric dimension (1) or (2) above Where i = catamenia in amps, t = time in seconds, Ne = moles of electrons passing through the lap covering from equation (3) and N = Avogadros number. The actual electronic charge will be compared to the theoretical charge of 1. 60310-19 Coulombs. 1. Convert elevation of the solution into mm Hg to get the hydrostatic tweet ( pull due to the tranquil left in the gas collection tube) height of solution x assiduousness of solution density of mercury 2. tmospheric wring in the room hydrostatic hug = Ptotal (total pressure exerted by the gas trapped in the gas collection tubes) 3. a)Ptotal (total pressure) = PH2 + PH20or Ptotal = PO2 + PH20 b) PH2 = Ptotal PH20 c)PH2 / 760 = Patm (Pressure) 4. Ne = PV/RT 5. e- = it/NeNx the stoichiometric ratio Run 1 Run1 Run 2 Run 2 (cathode) + (anode) (cathode) + (anode) Tube 2 Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 1 H2 O2 H2 O2 Run Time in seconds 987. 13 987. 13 1102. 82 1102. 82 add up Current 0. 303 0. 303 0. 277 A Height of rootag e Hsol mm 400. 325. 0 81. 5 314. 2 Volume of gas produced Vgas (mL) 40. 10 19. 72 40. 10 19. 80 Vgas (L) 0. 04010 0. 01972 0. 04010 0. 01980 Temperature of solution C 24. 0 24. 0 25. 6 25. 6 Kelvin 297. 15 297. 15 298. 75 298. 75 Vapour pressure of water mm Hg 22. 377 22. 377 24. 617 24. 617 Atmospheric pressure Patm mm Hg 770. 50 770. 50 770. 50 770. 50 Patm 0. 94567 0. 95293 0. 97354 0. 95103 hhg hydrostatic pressure (mm Hg) 29. 41 23. 90 5. 99 23. 0 Ptotal (mm Hg) in the tube 741. 09 746. 60 764. 51 747. 40 PH2 (mm Hg) 718. 71 739. 89 PO2 (mm Hg) 724. 23 722. 78 moles gas n (rearranged Ideal Gas Equation) Ne = PV/RT 0. 001555 0. 0007707 0. 001592 0. 0007681 e- = it/NeN 3. 194E-19 6. 445E-19 3. 185E-19 6. 604E-19 stoichiometric ratio Final 1. 597E-19 1. 611E-19 1. 593E-19 1. 651E-19 theoretical 1. 603E-19 1. 603E-19 1. 603E-19 1. 603E-19 Difference -6. 193E-22 8. 166E-22 -1. 028E-21 4. 801E-21 % mistake -0. 4% 0. 5% -0. 6% 3. 0%