Salvation

Initial thesis statement: Is salvation â€Å"by faith alone† (according to Luther) or must there be a â€Å"cooperation of faith and works† in salvation (according to the Roman Catholic tradition)? My initial answer to this question before I began this study was that of the Roman Catholic tradition, one must have the combination of both faith and works. Although faith plays a big part of salvation, I tend to believe without both works and faith you may not receive it. 2) First view: Salvation is â€Å"by faith alone† is held to be true by many people.Perhaps the most popular figure from the European Reformation, Martin Luther, noted for his doctrine of justification by faith alone was one who believed that only faith was needed for salvation, and he also held true that God provided everything that is necessary for justification. In 1528 Luther spoke out about salvation saying, â€Å"This faith alone, when based upon the sure promises of God, must save us; as our text clearly explains. And in the light of it all, they must become fools who have taught us other ways to become godly. †¦Man may forever do as he will, he can never enter heaven unless God takes the first step with his Word, which offers him divine grace and enlightens his heart so as to get upon the right way. † Another important person who was on the side of salvation through faith alone is Paul. He uses a passage from Ephesians to support of his idea. â€Å"For it is by grace you have been saved through faith-and this is not from yourself, it is the gift of God-not by works, so that no one can boast. † He puts the emphasis on the fact that salvation is by faith alone.Paul later goes on to say â€Å"For we are God’s handiwork, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do. † That being said, we as humans are created to do good works, but reach salvation through faith alone. Yet another passage suggesting tha t we must only have faith is â€Å"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. † 3) Opposing view: In contrast to Luther’s view, the Roman Catholic view states that salvation is by a â€Å"cooperation of faith and works. James 2:17-18: In the same way, faith by itself, if it is not accompanied by action, is dead. But someone will say, â€Å"You have faith; I have deeds. † Show me your faith without deeds, and I will show you my faith by my deeds. This creates a big contradictory in the bible. Although some may say deeds are not needed, in this very passage we are told without them our justification ceases to exist. One verse that simply breaks down and gives a great example of salvation through faith and works is James 2:20-26 that states: â€Å"20 You foolish person, do you want evidence that faith without deeds is useless?Was not our father Abraham considered ri ghteous for what he did when he offered his son Isaac on the altar? 22 You see that his faith and his actions were working together, and his faith was made complete by what he did. 23 And the scripture was fulfilled that says, â€Å"Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness,† and he was called God’s friend. 24 You see that a person is considered righteous by what they do and not by faith alone. 25 In the same way, was not even Rahab the prostitute considered righteous for what she did when she gave lodging to the spies and sent them off in a different direction? 6 As the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without deeds is dead. † In this passage are two great examples of two different people that receive salvation through both their work and faith in God. They didn’t know exactly what was going to happen when they listened to the word of God and did as he told them, but through faith in him they were able to do so and reach j ustification. They had never seen God but were put in the position to decide whether or not he existed. 4) â€Å"Critical Realist†: With respect to this doctrine I agree with the Roman Catholic tradition that salvation must have a cooperation of faith and works.The reason I still hold this to be true is that throughout the bible and other readings the support behind the idea of works and faith both being crucial to receiving salvation is much stronger than those of Luther. Luther made some great points that through faith, works is automatically going to be inclusive. He also made the point that God makes the first step to giving you all the things necessary to obtain salvation. However, I believe that if someone is faithful in the lord God and wants to be welcome to salvation, then in the rocess of life the works will come naturally to that person. On the other hand if someone is said to be faithful in God and do something harmful or bad to another person, then that so-called faithful person has gone against his/her faith in doing so causing them to fade away from salvation. I have learned from Luther’s view that there are many supportive articles and passages. I have also learned that there are great ideas in both of these arguments, however when it comes down to choosing one of the following the Roman Catholic tradition.My initial has not been strengthened nor weakened after doing the research and studying both sides. Both sides hold a firm argument, but the Roman Catholic view just seemed to catch my attention more. 5) Final Thesis Statement: This doctrine helps answering the initial question by giving information about both of the opinions and going into detailed arguments. I would say that the answer to the initial question is the to obtain salvation, one must have a combination of faith and works.Work Cited â€Å"On Faith & Coming to Christ, by Martin Luther. † <http://homepage. mac. om/shanerosenthal/reformationink/mlonfaith. htm>. McGrath, Alister E. Historical Theology: an Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Print. Ankerberg, John, and John Weldon. Protestants & Catholics: Do They Now Agree? Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 1995. Print. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. McGrath, Alister E. Historical Theology: an Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. Print. [ 2 ]. â€Å"On Faith & Coming to Christ, by Martin Luther. † . [ 3 ]. Ephesians 2:8-9 [ 4 ]. Ephesians 2:10 Salvation A. Name the central character, protagonist – The main character is Langston Huges. (The author) B. Describe his/her key qualities or personality traits (complicated, stereotype, unique, round, flat, etc. ): Langston Huges is seemed as he’s full of integrity, honest to himself, sensitive, and observant. C. Who is another important character in the story, an antagonist? – Other important characters mentioned in this story are the Aunt, his friend Westley, and the pastor. II. Setting or time and place: Identify where and when the story takes place – The place is at bible church when Huges was 13 years old. III. Plot: A. What structure or design does the sequence of events follow: chronological, spatial, or order of importance? – The structure that is used in this story is chronological. A. Discuss the opening, rising action, climax (twist, surprise, turning point, and unexpected development), resolution and the denouement – The story started out in church and Huges was put into a special meeting to be seen by Jesus. You were told you were saved when you saw a light and before you knew it all the kids except Huges and Westley were remaining not being able to see the light. Westley got tired and pretended to be saved and Huges remained there for a while until he made a decision to be like Westley and got up to be pretended to be saved. Climax: When he cries late at night in bed. IV. Conflict/resolution (individual vs. individual; individual vs. society; individual vs. nature; individual vs. self? ): Huges is dealing with society so it would be individual vs society. A. What major problem is the main character faced with? Huges was attempting to be seen by Jesus and was trying to wait for a light to be saved. He’s taking things too literally. B. How does the main character attempt to solve this major problem? Langston Huges gets up and says he saw a light from Jesus. He tries to solve it by making confessions. V. Point of view: (First person, third person observer, third person omniscient? )- First person VI. Message or lesson: Can you think of appropriate expressions, proverbs or maxims that capsulate the main lesson? (Stand your ground): When you want to introduce an abstract subject to a child, you have to approach it easy and not so literal. VII. Theme: controlling or main idea: (brevity of life, loneliness, human suffering as a result of world conflicts, etc. The theme is about religion. (Religious experience as related by a child)

Advertising Billboards Essay

Everywhere you look these days you see a billboard or advertisement selling or promoting a product, it’s inevitable. You get in your car to go somewhere and look out the window and you are surrounded by them or you open a magazine and every other page is an ad promoting something. You walk into a store or public place and at every turn there is something staring you in the face. Since billboards are so big and visible from a distance they are hard to miss. It’s basically shoved in our faces without us having a choice, but to look and glance at it. Since we are exposed to this and this is something that everyone goes through on a daily basis, we tend to ignore a lot of it until something catchy or interesting catches your eye. Advertisements make things more appealing and make us more inclined to buy products. With the amount of competitors out there selling the same products, advertisement companies try and beat them out by coming up with attention getting ads. Advertisements these days seeming have more and more sexual content in them making them borderline inappropriate to fully inappropriate and unnecessary. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay This can be a negative effect on the public causing image issues and men and women being degraded. By using sexual innuendos and images, advertising companies are catching the attention of the public in bad and negative ways. Most advertising ads, whether on T. V. or on a billboard have some aspect and sort of sexual content involved. Many billboards or advertisements have a sexual hint in the message which may be taken literally and figuratively. They have two meanings depending on how you take it. It is usually a simple everyday product with a statement or saying to catch your attention. For example while looking at ads online, I came across an ad for a Toms Ford Fragrance. This ad contains a woman with red lipstick and red nail polish, she is clearly naked as she holds her breasts and the bottle of cologne is in between them. Now this woman has nothing to do with the cologne whatsoever, but I bet she helped sell a lot of the product which is directed at men. Why was it necessary to have her half naked in the ad? Because sex sells. Another ad and billboard I came across was for Ace Hardware. You have the Ace logo in the right corner and on the left in white writing against a black backdrop reads, â€Å"Need a good screw? Now this has a double meaning, you can take it literally as in needing a screw for maybe a project or something around the house or figuratively in a sexual way and meaning sex. Are these forms of advertising necessary, no, but it catches people’s attention and aids in selling and getting their product out there. Nudity has even become a major component in selling. Advertisement companies may think sex sells so they glorify it and use it. Yes, it helps to sell the product, but what affect does that have on society. Sex often has nothing to do with the product. If you look at clothing ads for top selling companies, it’s normal to see a woman or a man posing in a pair of jeans with their shirts off standing with their â€Å"perfect† bodies. Or you’ll see a woman in a bathing suit advertising for a hamburger company. Why do they need their shirts off or why does she need to be in a bathing suit? Because again sex sells. They are not completely naked but there is a lot of skin showing. This can create image problems in our society and make us self conscious as we try to strive to be like what they see in the ad or on TV. It causes body issues as you want your body to look like theirs, skinny and toned. Self esteem is a major issue that our younger generations are faced with especially in girls as they try and look like these women. For decades advertisers have come up with an â€Å"ideal† for the perfect woman. This woman represents what five percent of women look like, yet this body type represents 98% percent of the women seen in the media (Kilbourne). People look at themselves and compare themselves with what they see and tend to want to emulate it. Seeing these ads over and over with people you may want to look like can distort your thinking. You may start to dress like these ads and in turn are showing more skin because you think this is acceptable since it’s all you see around you. Or if you see a new product being advertised you want you go out and buy it not really needing it, but just want it because it’s the new â€Å"it† item, you can become never satisfied with things because you’re constantly out buying the new stuff. Sex appeal is a factor because would you buy something from someone who is considered less attractive? No, would be a common answer to some because our surroundings and being are built on looks and we are a very vain society where looks matter. So with companies having this way of thinking, how do others view this? They most likely are thinking the same thing. From commercials to infomercials you see beautiful people posing and acting selling something you may want. It can and may degrade men and women. Men are shown in these ads, but if you notice it’s mostly women who seem to be objectified to sell the products. Women are widely seen as sex symbols, so why not use them in ads. It’s become so common to see women half dressed that I don’t think we really realize what is being put out there. It has become a norm to see raunchy or inappropriate billboards and laugh. Many don’t see it as degrading, but as funny and entertaining. So imagine if we find humor in the ads and billboards now, just how far will the companies go to push the envelope to sell something. Using men and women in these ads in sexual ways only objectives them and we shouldn’t have to see them that way just to sell a product. Using â€Å"sex sells† is sending a bad message to the public. I think we should change our way of advertising and censor the ads a bit. Be considerate and respectful and realize that that ad might offend someone. There are a lot of people who feel these ads are wrong and shouldn’t be advertized. In fact, numerous women and men contacted the organization National Organization of Women (NOW) to complain about the sexist beer ads that for example were ran during the football season (NOW). NOW is just one of many organizations out there fighting for the cause of changing advertisements. So with people on board of changing the way billboards and ads are being presented and put out there we will one day see a change or at least see a reduction in the sexual ads out there. We as a society should see what is being put out there and see that what they are promoting is only a product.

Autonomy and Terminal Illness Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Autonomy and Terminal Illness - Case Study Example Sally is described as terminally ill with metastasis in other vital organs by her oncologist and confirmed by her attending physician as a poor candidate for the continuance of chemotherapy treatment. As a patient, Sally has the right to be informed on all the treatment that she is supposed to receive and so with her family members. However, since she is in denial of her condition and in panic of her impending death, the physician has the autonomy to decide to write the Do not resuscitate order. In this scenario, the involvement of the patient in decision making is not that important since she will be less concern on the adverse effects of resuscitation on her health. Equally important to consider is the wish of the patient to be treated the way she likes. Treating the patient as she wishes is within the scope of professional code of the doctors. It is their responsibility to deliver quality care to their patients and treat them the way their patients like it to be. However, this seems not applicable in Sally’s condition because it is not consistent with the physician’s AMA code of ethics which dictates they have the obligation to modify management goal to palliative form if other treatments is in effective ( McCabe, 2008). This is further supported by the statement of Dr. Reith Rose, Sunnybrook executive vice president in her written statement that when clinical teams determine that further interventions would have no benefit to the patient, health care providers are not obliged to provide intervention that lie outside the standard care which indeed may well cause harm ( Smith, 2010). Although, the medical goal of the physician is to prolong life, the Do not resuscitate (DNR) order should be applied to Sally even after taking into consideration its ethical theories, patient’s right, and professional code of doctors because it is the lesser evil. Resuscitating Sally is deemed medically

Great Days Out For Social Groups Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Great Days Out For Social Groups - Article Example The Isle of Wight is the ideal destination when it comes to sailing in the UK. It is most distinctively known for its yachting activities as well as the wide range of sailing events that take place all year round. Sailing is considered to be the most favorite pastime. It mostly takes place in August. There are entertainment facilities for both, the sightseers as well as the sailors. The sailors are offered hire equipments while bars and restaurants are present for the sightseers. One major attraction is also the fireworks that are held on the last Friday of the week.2 Camping is an outdoor activity that has attraction for all age groups and is considered to be one of the most entertaining and healthy outdoor activity and source of entertainment. Activities like swimming, wildlife nature etc is also included in the camping package. Children can take a swim in a nearby lake or pond and spend hours splashing and enjoying in the water, providing that it is safe. Another interest is the wildlife nature. Most people like things that are closest to the nature. Even a small insect can be a source of interest to them. Examination of rocks, flowers, butterflies etc are the major appeal. All these activities are very different from the normal routine life and hence the groups coma back home, relaxed and fresh.3

PROMPT for AoS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PROMPT for AoS - Essay Example tile stimulation, contrastive stress drill, prompts for restructuring oral muscular phonetic targets (PROMPT), and melodic intonation therapy (Wambaugh et al., 1998). Word prompt programs are computer software programs used in addition to basic word processing (Wood, Rankin, Beukelman, 1997). Sound production treatments have also been tried (Wambaugh et al., 1999). The Kaufman Speech Praxis Treatment Kit has been used for treating children with apraxia of speech (Kaufman Children’s center, n.d). Wambaugh & Doyle, 1994, made a review of 28 treatment reports over the past 20 years. Positive results were noted with the following treatments: flexible treatment hierarchy combined with home programs; combination of sound placement, sound drill and graphic stimulation; metronome pacing accompanying drill of all behaviors; package modeling, integral stimulation, phonetic placement, multiple repetitions; PROMPT system and integral stimulation; and PROMPT motokinesthetic stimulation with some rate control. The majority of subjects were chronic apraxic speakers, with 62% being 6 months post onset. Currently, although most treatments have reported good results, most current AOS treatments have limited data to support their use, and there is a lack of replication of treatment findings (Wambaugh, 2002). Another limitation is the lack of measurement of generalization and maintenance effects of treatment (Wambaugh et al., 1998). Chumpelik is credited for developing the PROMPT (Prompts for Restructuring Oral and Muscular Phonetic Targets) system in 1984. This is a tactile–kinesthetic based treatment method, originally developed for the treatment of children with developmental motor speech disorders; later, it was modified for use in adults with motor speech disorders (Bose et al., 2001) Prompts are applied to the mylohyoid muscle, facial musculature and through mandibular manipulation. Some or all of the following parameters receive input from PROMPTs: spatial

Dyslexia as a learning disorder Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dyslexia as a learning disorder - Assignment Example Several years later, W. Pringle Morgan, a British physician, published a description of a reading-specific learning disorder in a letter to the British Medical Journal. His letter described the case of a boy named Percy who, at age 14, had not yet learned to read, yet he showed normal intelligence and was generally adept at other activities typical of children of that age. It's evident that such children need some peculiar aide. To prove it I'd like to give an example of my little nephew. Andrew is a very smart boy. At the age of five he was able to accomplish complex mathematical tasks. But he couldn't read and all our forces to teach him reading were in vain. He was absolutely happy when somebody was reading him aloud. It took him ten or five minutes to learn by heart a large poem consisting of twenty lines. So we decided that he was too young to read and at school this problem would be solved. But our suppositions have not proved to be correct. Among the children of his lass he was the best in mathematics and the worst in reading. He got bad marks everyday and that made him believe to be stupid. His teacher explained us that he wasn't to identify words and to recognize the sounds that made up words. Having looked into his copy book my aunt saw that he tended to reverse letters and sometimes whole words for example "saw" was written as "was" "b" as "d" etc. Andrew continued to lag behind his peers in reading and writing skills. He hated school because he was always told to be stupid lazy and the worst. Our previously happy boy was close to nervous breakdown. And we decided to consult a doctor. The dyslexia was diagnosed. Well let's continue Andrew's story. At the first visit to doctor Brant his mother was asked about the family's medical and developmental history. Andrew's mother said that her cousin had had the same problem. After that they were said that after the treatm ent Andrew would be doing well at school and would have all chances to make a thoroughly successful career. Andrew's mother was advised to use reading upgrade course and the result was tremendous. Only a month after starting this course my little nephew began to read himself at first syllables and after month and a fortnight he become able to read perfectly without missing or reversing letters. But this great success has come to us not only owing to this program. Andrew's relatives were given a special guide aimed to teach parents right behavior. Nowadays Andrew is a thoroughly successful young man. He's a first year student of the university; he does very well at the university and doesn't remember about his problems at the childhood. He is a real fan of reading. He seems to know everything in the would. dyslexia is a learning disorder. Its underlying cause is believed to be a brain-based condition that influences the ability to read written language. It is identified in individuals who fail to learn to read in the absence of a verbal or nonverbal intellectual impairment, sensory deficit (e.g., a visual deficit or hearing loss), pervasive developmental deficit or a frank neurological impairment. The following conditions are sometimes confused with dyslexia because they can also lead to difficulty reading: Auditory Processing Disorder is a condition that affects the ability to encode auditory information. It can lead to problems with auditory working memory and auditory sequencing. Dyspraxia is a neurological condition characterized by a marked

Julius Caesar Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Julius Caesar Biography - Essay Example Whatever he achieved in his life were rightly deserved. Amidst all this, it can be safely said, that geniuses at times have a flaw in them, which leads to their downfall and doom. Julius Caesar lived to this category and matched it to perfection. During his life, he managed to attain those heights which many others together could not manage doing so. His life was full of events. He made his way out of trouble and tough times and earned himself the name of being one of the best rulers of his time. Marcus Tullius Cicero the great orator who lived in the same era quite rightly defined Julius Caesar â€Å"A realist by his fingertips, not led astray by ideals or ideologies. He was not afraid to temporarily grovel†. (BookRags). ... 360) Julius Caesar was born in a family representing a humble background .His childhood days were mostly spent in the neighborhood of Rome .It would not be wrong to say that the political events of unrest taking place in the background of his childhood, left an impact on his mind and guided him taking an inspiration from the unrest and followed the ways in same manner later in his life .Childhood was spent in rough pattern and the entire family found it difficult making both ends meet. This was brought up by various reasons, one of them being the civil war in those days that was going on in the surroundings. Teenage life was one of the toughest times in his life where he was totally broke. While he was still in his teen age, things took turn for the better when he joined the Army and spent some time there. He started showing his abilities soon after and in the battle against Rome he performed above his abilities and saved number of his companions in the battle field. From here on, hi s life kept taking turns and events kept occurring during his life. In 80 B.C he earned himself the civil crown during the capture of Mytilene (Caesar and Kennedy) .Later on he went on to achieve the distinction of becoming the military tribune. The journey of success continued in various forms of promotion through the ranks till he became the all superior and top ranked. His personal life was never stable and from the beginning kept shifting between dark and light color. Got married at early age yet things were not smooth on this front .The wife was from a rich background and she by chance happened to belong to the family that was in opposition to the then rules, hence his personal peace and marriage landed in the hands of political intrigues and personal enmities and he had to take

Personnel Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personnel Management - Essay Example When a company takes on a particular mode of employer-employee relations, the choice is often dictated by Purcell's (1987) "guiding principles" which give due consideration to such factors as the stockholders' interests, the market conditions in which the company operates, the company's level of growth, management's biases and its perceptions of power and conflict. It is believed that personnel management systems are also determined by the different dimensions of organizational ownership, size, strategy and structure, not to mention past history and market conditions. Based on these influences, the management-labor relations mode that emerges is either the "unitary" or "pluralist" type (Fox, 1966, 1974). The managers inclined to a unitary frame of reference believe that management and employees share a common interest, namely, the survival and growth of the company, and as such should find as aberrant any conflict that may result from the existence of a labor union or any company troublemakers. The pluralist view, on the other hand, recognizes that all stakeholders in the company have legitimate interests that should be met, diverse though they may be. For this reason, the different interest groups, including the unions, are within their rights "to bargain and compete to get a share in the balance of power and to achieve a negotiated order out of diversity (Legge, Karen)." Individualism and Collectivism The unitary and pluralist theory of Fox on employee relations resemble Purcell's concept of individualism and collectivism in many ways, except in the attitude towards unionism and collective bargaining. Individualism and collectivism, as defined, are not opposites but two facets of a managerial belief system concerning employees. The individualist style of management attaches value to the individual and his right to advancement and fulfillment at work. Hence, this leans more on paternalism and eschews the group action characterized by unionism. In a collectivist regime, management recognizes the collective interests and rights of a group of people in the decision making process, which can best be expressed through a labor union. There is another, more radical frame of reference said to be of Marxist origin that looks at society as a jumble of antagonistic class interests. Called "macho management," this theory runs along the same lines of the dog-eat-dog concept in which the weak will be eaten alive by the strong if the former do not watch out. Society, according to this concept, is cleaved by deeply rooted social and political inequalities and is held together as much by coercion as by consent. Management in this configuration keeps a distance from employees and generally treats them with suspicion. As work inducement, the macho managers try to keep the workers in line with the carrot-and-stick approach. 5 Employee Relations Models Under the Purcell and Fox frames of reference, there are five different models of management-employee relations: traditionalist, sophisticated-paternalist, consultative, constitutionalist and standard-modern. The traditional style views people as simply a factor of production, as hands to be exploited or a cost

Third paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Third paper - Essay Example This is followed by a request, which shows that the speaker is down and ready to prostrate to her girlfriend as he asks â€Å"Shall I go down and bow, baby?† As a romantic song, the speaker goes on to praise his loved one, using romantic terms, descriptions and repetitions. This is a blues song, which doubles the traditional three lines to six lines in every stanza. The last line is a form of a question and the response is provided at the end of the song in a series of derivative three lines answer. The question repeated is ‘Shall I go down and bow, baby?† and at the end of the song, the speaker appears to have reached the end and resolves to answer his question because the referred and revered ‘baby’ seems to have answered in her acceptance and he derives; Shall I go down and bow, baby? I shall go down and bow, baby I am down and bowing baby Oh baby baby make you stay Baby ah baby oh baby I’m done! The pattern of this song is AbcdeB, AfghiBâ₠¬ ¦ and so on, with the first line and the last lines repeated. This pattern is regular and the blues lyrics have concentrated on the theme of love as the speaker tries to show his affection to his goddess, the valentine. The description of the ‘baby’ by the speaker is marked by repetitions. These repetitions are regular, and they make the rhythm of the song regular. In most of the stanzas, the first line and the last lines are repeated in a regular manner. This harmonizes the regular rhythm of the song. The last two stanzas are the conclusion of the song and the speaker consummates his dream of being granted a favour by his girlfriend as thus: Oh ah oh ah baby baby Baby oh baby stay baby My goddess baby, leave not baby oh baby baby Shall I go down and bow, baby? †¦ Shall I go down and bow, baby? I shall go down and bow, baby I am down and bowing baby Oh baby baby make you stay Baby ah baby oh baby I’m done! In this case, the song is conclusive and the clima x is reached when the instruments adopt the rhythm of the song in a unified manner. At the same time, the speaker is able to express his last passions and emotions for his girlfriend who has accepted his request. This song has a regular sound considering its regular rhythm. Being a romantic blues song, it will require soft beats and a mix of melodies. Therefore, the studio producing the song must refine and produce a soft symphony for the song at the start and at the end. The singer or the lead vocalist must be a man and should have a romantic, soft or mildly broken voice so as to exploit the overall theme of the song. This song should be started by a combination of a violin and a keyboard string tunes. Immediately the lead vocalist picks the first line, other instruments should pick and harmonize but should pause whenever the vocalist is picking the first line in every stanza. Moreover, instrumentation should also be toned down whenever the speaker is picking on the descriptive par ts so that the lead vocalist is above all the instruments. This will ensure the message is passed and the song is entertaining and moving as well. When the song is read in the lyrics, the reader is able to pick musical elements such as the tone of the song, the rhythm of the song and possible beat and meter of the lyrics. For example, the lyrics of this song requires a quadruple beat and regular dynamics in the loudness, volume and softness. On the other hand, if one listens to the song, he or she will notice by hearing, not

The First Day of School Essay Example for Free

The First Day of School Essay First walking into my new school of Terrace Park Elementary during the middle of 6th grade, I must have been the most awkward person on the planet. Moving schools because of my acceptance into a more challenging school curriculum, I had been told this group of students would help me learn much faster than the ones at my old schools. The material would have been learned at a much faster paced and higher level of difficulty. It was as if my old elementary school had kicked me out, placing me with kids who these similar â€Å"problems† as me. It had never occurred to me that the new environment I was in was so different than what I was used to. Going to this new school required a fifteen minute drive commute to and from home daily. This inconvenience made it hard for me stay connect with my classmates in the afterschool extracurricular activities. Changing schools meant meeting a new group of people I did not know. Joining the school mid-year I was the stranger that came in knowing nothing about how the school worked. Most people had already formed their little friend groups and created their own schedules. see more:my first day at school essay for kids On the other hand, the large amount of people at this school meant that some students still had time expand their friend group. It was a whole new experience and it was a case I had never handled in my life before. The two school environments were just too different. My new school was two stories high and had twice the amount of students. It was harder to get around the school and find my new classes. It had recently been renovated, so the whole appearance of the school was much more modern. Upon arriving, I noticed many remarkable building features. A five foot circular stained glass window started at me with its amiable eyes. The wolf drawn seemed to represent the school mascot. Compared to my old school, this school had much more classrooms and facilities. The six groupings of classrooms, the football and track field outside, the gym and cafeteria were all spread out. The colorful colors that were painted on school did nothing but spur my curiosity. Right outside the cafeteria was the playground of all children’s dreams. It was spacious and had two different playgrounds. There seemed to be a caterpillar toy that the underclassmen were fighting over. The real attraction, however,  was the large football field beyond the playground. I watched the daily lifestyle of this school I as wandered about. Some students hung out by the cafeteria eating their breakfast, some were conversing in the halls and some had already sat down in their classrooms. Twenty minutes before school had even started the amount of activity was surprising, when compared to my previous school. Yet people seemed to not notice me, whenever I passed by, none seemed to fully acknowledge my presence. Back home, I had friends how rushed to greet me as I walked through the doors of the classroom. The staff all were familiar with me and wore willing to help me out in any situation. As the first bell rung, I knew it was time to start my â€Å"first day† of school. Walking into Mr. Hagen’s room, I noticed a row of computers in the back right corner of the room. Their placement against the wall made it seem like they had never been used for a long time. I walked in, only to be greeted by a young aged man who I assumed to be the teacher for this 6th grade class. As I was introduced to the class, my experience as a stranger had officially began. I stood at the front of the room and slowly walked toward the seat I had been assigned. After a little bit of adjusting, the final bell rung and class had started. The first day was the day that would decide everything – from what type of friends I made to the spot I would sit during lunch. Knowing this, I tried my best to make myself look as normal as possible, attempting to discard my own shy character. Scanning the room, I knew absolutely no one. Making friends was also never one of my assets. Each person looked the same. I sat down next to a boy who had unkempt hair and had a Hawaiian shirt loosely thrown over a white t-shirt. Everyone knew my name, because it was different than the typical American name. The name â€Å"Jonah† was sure to stick in their minds, at least for next week or two. The faster paces of the classes were too much for me to handle for I never been used to such a speed in my previous school. I sat there, lost, wondering what to do. The faces of all the other students around me were intent and focus on their given task. I was left out of the atmosphere of the classroom. When lunch finally came, I was finally relieved of the pressure of the classroom. As a stranger, I remembered that didn’t know anyone well enough to sit with. For all I knew, I didn’t even know how to buy lunch. I frantically asked myself, â€Å"Is it the same way as my old school? Will I have the same PIN number? Where will I sit?† Luckily, on the way out  of the room, I was invited to eat with the boy with unkempt hair. I later learned that his name was Randy and that he was one year younger than me. As I sat down at the lunch table, many other kids sat down with me. All of them stared at me because they had never seen me there before. I was unable to come up with courage to talk to them, therefore awkwardly sitting at the table eating my lunch. I knew that they did not mean to be unkind, but just wanted to understand more about who I was. To my delight, I ran out onto the field and felt freer to finally act as myself again. The size of the field was much larger than I had expected from first look. The only color I could notice around me was the shade of green. Looking around, I had no one to kick my soccer ball with. Throughout the day, I received countless glares from many people I didn’t know. Many others from different classes had asked me many times for my name, asking me how I was and where I had come from. They had asked me so many types of questions that sparked one after another, triggering a large chain of questions that I did not know the answer to. Many of the others just called â€Å"hey new kid!† I will admit that my feeling of fear was more than I could handle. There was so much nervousness that I would start sweating and my nerves would spark all over my body. Walking in for the first time through those doors of Terrace Park Elementary made me feel so small in this large school. I was not used to such a large community, I like it when my classrooms were all close together, the student were allowed more changes to interact and the staff would be able to more easily connect with us. The few smiles I had received when entering felt forced- the ends of their lips raised for a quarter of a second. I had thought that I was different than all the rest of the kids – Was it my looks? My clothes? My awkward trot? Some might have thought that I was just another one of those Asian nerds. I felt that I would have trouble fitting in. that I should have probably stayed at my old school. Why would I just make my life harder for myself when I could just be chill with my old group? I knew that the ambivalent glances I received were not meant to be malicious. I know that even I would have done the same to a new student. My initial fears had changed th e way how every face in the school had looked. Even a perfectly joyful person could seem to have cruel intents. Trying to along with the other students was just a nightmare. I have always heard that the best thing to do on a first day of school was to make a good impression. However, I was never the type who was easy to get along with or outgoing. I tried leaving all those traits behind me as I spoke up, but it was no use. My true nature showed one way or another. My shyness only helped distance me from the other students around me, as if no one had wanted to become my friend. All the small things happening around me were, I was tuned into the world or small details. As I felt time go in in slow motion, I watched as the 1st graders dragged the lunch basket to their grade table, gave each other a high five for a job well done and then walked to the lunch line. I saw the fly buzzing around the air above me, before stopping on the table next to me. I had nothing else to pay attention but these fine details, no one would spare a second on the new kid at the table. I almost wanted to cry to show how I felt, but I realized that would probably ruin what first impressions I had left. Looking back, I realize that this experience was not that bad. It was own expectations of a new school that had caused me to sense so many different feelings. The feeling of a stranger was only because I was a new face in town. It was natural that the other students were curious of who I really was. It is even possible that, just as how I was too scared to talk to my new classmates, they had also been hesitant to approach me. Being a stranger was only temporary; I would eventually have assimilated into the daily lifestyle of Terrace Park. While that first day was particularly bad, I quickly was able to adapt to the situation in the coming weeks. I had become acquainted with the few students at my table in just a week, the rest of class in a month. This group of students who had all seemed so large at first was not as scary as they had originally seemed. They were actually very friendly; each of them had qualities that made them attractive. I had become very good friends with some of them, influencing my friends I my future schooling years. One could say that this school year affected my future directly. I would never have chosen the friends if it had not been for my experience at Terrace Park. The people that I had grown to enjoy were those who were smart and were willing to help me with any problems I had. I learned that other people are generally kind in nature, but just have trouble expressing their feelings. I have realized that I would never have attended Edmonds-Woodway High School without the experiences I had. I wanted to follow where my friends had gone to school, so I had chosen Edmonds-Woodway instead of my home school of Lynnwood.  Today, I have absolutely no regrets for changing schools mid-year during the 6th grade. I know I am a stranger, but I also know that being a stranger does not last for an eternity – t here will be a point where you will be a part of the village. We all know that every student had at least a couple first days of school. The moment where we walk into a classroom is always the worst part. We have no idea what could happen next. We see and meet people that we have never been familiar with. The sea of new faces would only help overwhelm the normal person. Shaky legs, sweat rolling down foreheads and that feeling of being a stranger will always be the initial feeling of the average person. Especially when we walk into the classroom midyear, these feeling are only amplified. Having no idea how to fit, we tend together take two actions. In my case, I tend to try to change my personality to make a good first impression, only to realize that I am unable to keep it up for days or weeks. Rather than to mess around with our true personalities to make that first impression, acting as yourself will allow others to truly know us better. People are much friendlier than we originally think; they are that frightening once we get to know them. Even more so, a bad impression does not mean that the rest of their life is ruined. Their identity can be redeemed through their actions. The important thing is not to worry and things will usually work themselves out. It is human nature to adapt to situations as the conditions change. Whenever a new student joins a classroom, the environment will change slightly. As time goes on, you will become a part of the environment that the rest of the students are used to. Working and communicating with others are a main part of changing from being a stranger to becoming a acquaintance and possibly to becoming a friend. This situation can apply to almost everyone. All new students will feel like a stranger a t one point or another. The time has come to realize that the overstated fears of the first day have only created discomfort in those who are new. No matter what, we cannot avoid the way that people look on u as strangers. But really, we are not entirely strangers. The only difference between you and them is the time spent attending that school.

Operations Management Case Study

Operations Management Case Study Preface: Western Bainoona Group â€Å"WBG† is Transportation, Roads and infrastructure general contracting; it has been established since 1990. It has 5 internal heads sections with 5000 persons. I will implement my company â€Å"WBG† as a study case on every task. Explain the importance of effective operations management in achieving organizational objectives (A.C 1-1) The operations management which is managing the processes to produce and distribute products and services has the big effective on achieving the objectives of the company due to several important factors: Operations management is responsible for short term objectives which considered as milestones to reach the long term objectives, therefore if the operations management is close to company short objectives, definitely the company long term objectives will be targeted. Operations management considered Micro analysis â€Å" SWOT analysis† which help the company to know the strength , weakness, opportunities and threats factors which affect on achieving the goals, so if the operations management doing this analysis in correct way , the company will take the advantage of the strength and opportunities factors and take care from the threats and weakness factors. Operations management depends on detailed level of aggregation so it will be always close to deep details in the company and in the market which helps the company to win chances, to avoid bad surprises and to be prepared always so it will serve the company to achieve its objectives easily without obstructions. Operations management is the balance between company inputs and outputs so if the balance between controlling company resources and achieving customer satisfaction is achieved so the company objectives will be targeted. Evaluate the success of existing operations management processes in meeting an organization’s overall strategic management objectives. (A.C. 1-2) To evaluate WBG operations management, we have to define the operations function. If we go through WBG operations function, easily we could see that operations are supporting the company strategy because WBG capabilities are bigger than the company plan and strategy due to strong capabilities factors such as huge infrastructure, thousands of employees and different procedures comparing with WBG Mission which is providing optimum quality in a timely and cost-effective manner with care to society and the environment. So for WBG operations management evaluation, we could go through 5 factors to compare between operations management performance and WBG mission: Quality : Inside WBG, it’s famous that the things must be done twice to be in proper way so the quality of operations must be enhances to meet the company mission and strategy. Speed : Some departments inside WBG are doing the works quickly like HR and contracting but the other departments are not like Garage and heavy equipments so the speed of operations must be enhanced in some divisions. Dependability : Dependability needs to be enhanced due to double works culture inside the company. Flexibility : The flexibility is strong inside WBG due to huge resources and good leadership. Cost : Doing the things cheaply is the procedure for any work inside WBG but because of double works, the cost is becoming more and more sometimes so the operations management must taking care of the cost and prevent double works. Explain the importance of effective quality management in achieving organizational objectives. (A.C 2-1) The quality management concentrates on the savings and additional revenue that company could realize if it eliminate errors and double works throughout its operations and produce products and services at the optimal level of quality desired by its customers. In case of achieving that, the company objectives will be targeted easily. Also quality management allow the company to meet current quality levels, meet the consumer’s requirement for quality, save employees through competitive training programs, and keep up with the latest technology which help the company to compete inside the market continuously and in same time achieving its objectives. On the other hand, quality management defines the areas which need to be enhanced inside the company, specifies the time of achieving quality results which will serve company goals, makes MACRO and MICRO analysis which help the company to define the market and entire system advantages and disadvantages and deploys the quality in all company divisions in different shapes. . Evaluate the success of existing quality management processes in meeting an organization’s overall strategic management objectives. (A.C 2-2) To evaluate the current quality management of WBG, we have to go through some important elements which affect on quality: Errors and double works : Till today, the existing quality management didn’t control the errors percentages which are high and the double works culture inside the company due to careless of employees, ignoring of the procedures and less knowledge. These things cause loss in money and time always. Desired customers’ optimal level of quality WBG in the recent years has ISO 9000 and special grade approval from municipality after it was 3rd grade. This Paradigm shift is due to customer’s satisfaction, products and services optimal quality. So the existing quality management must continue developing the optimal customer level of quality to be the first line inside market. Competitive training programs for employees Unfortunately, the existing quality management didn’t make any quality training for the employees and because of that a lot of errors and double works still happened. Latest market technology The existing quality management tried to use the latest market technology in its products and services but sometimes it didn’t use this due to cost issue. So it has to reserve special budget for quality developments. The time of achieving quality results Unfortunately, the existing quality management didn’t clear the time of achieving the quality results so the company long term objectives duration are not specified or known. 3.1 Plan a strategic quality change to improve organizational performance. (A.C.3-1) WBG must use the Forced Choice Model in its planning of strategic quality change because it has good description what will be happened in the next couple of years as the construction field could be predicted. The main long term objective is to achieve the company vision which says taking WBG forward as a leading construction company in the region and move on decisively towards a wider existence. Under this vision, we can make strategic quality plan for Contracting Department .the force model can analysis the department position by SWOT and Environmental assessment by PESTE. SWOT analysis can show the following: S: Internal Strengths: Strong budget and cash flow situation, good relations between staff, strong and big structure department, ISO certificates, Professional classification approval from ADM municipality, new IT system. W: Internal weakness: No QA/QC division, Lack of proposition, shortage of discerning skilled employees, Low motivation level, lack of employee’s commitment, some unskilled managers. O: External Opportunities: Excellent relations with authorities, contractors and clients, Banks Finance support, competitors vulnerabilities such as finance issues and authorities approval. T: External Threads: A Labour law, availability of resources, taxation, new legislations, Economic crises, increased trade barriers, competitor intentions PESTE –Macro environment analysis: We will find politically that UAE has stable government. Economically, market had enhanced and developed as the projects are increased due to EXPO2020. Socially, UAE has suitable demographics and good lifestyle trends. Technologically, the infrastructure level is helping too much to establish projects. Environmentally, the climate is suitable for construction and all resources are close. Strategy option : After the Macro and Micro analysis are done, the appropriate strategy for contracting department is â€Å"Competitive tenders pricing, decrease resources wastage and increase products and services quality â€Å". Requirements for implementing strategy option : Doing continuity different Training quality courses for supervisors, staff and engineers. Recruitment of skilled pricing manager, QA/QC manager and project managers. Develop the system and the coordination between contracting division and others. Create quality assurance and quality control divisions. Making known rewards system. Contingency Plans : Asking help from third party consultancy management offices. Joint venture with main contractors. 3.2 Define resources, tools and systems to support business processes in a strategic quality change (AC 3.2) Resources: Human Resources : staff , trainers ,supervisors ,engineers and managers Material Resources: all WBG material in its asphalt plant and crushers. Transportation Resources: Fleet of cars, trucks and six wheels. Tools: Heavy and light equipments. Emails and reports. WBG Garage. WBG office. Meetings. System: Training system. Rewards system. Company systems such as oracle, primavera, etc. HR system. 3.3 Evaluate the wider implications of planned strategic quality change in an organization. (AC 3.3) The evaluation of strategic quality change application in Contracting Department could be observed through some major elements: Cost : Q: Does the cost of the past repeated works and material wastage is more than existing quality training courses cost? If yes, that means the training courses must be proceeded and evaluated monthly by observing the wastage of material on construction site and percentage of repeated works, if the percentage is going to be lower than the past, that means the training courses is doing well, but if not, the company must check the problem either from impropriate courses or employees careless. Productivity : Q: Does Contracting Department win more tenders after strategic quality change application? Q: Does daily progress becomes more than before? If yes, that means the productivity on proper way but if not, it must check the cause either from improper coordination or personnel issues. Profitability : Q: Does Contracting Department specify time to gain the benefits from strategic quality change application? If yes, that means it has to observe the profitability percentage as planed or less. But if not, it must specify planned time to gain benefits otherwise the risk is too high. Products and services Quality : Q: Do suppliers and clients satisfy from products and services? Q: Do new suppliers and clients make agreement with WBG contracting department? If yes, that means the quality in right way. But if not, it must check with QA/QC division to explain the causes. 3.4 Design systems to monitor the implementation of a strategic quality change in an organization (AC 3.4) Monitoring the Training system : After staff, supervisors and engineers are done any training course, the contracting management must measure the percentage of understanding this course by doing small technical test on papers and on sites by daily progress reports to ensure that people got the benefit from the training or not. Monitoring the Daily work system : The seniors and managers of the contracting department must observe cost _items budget and cash flow_, schedule _milestones_ and quality through arranged below steps: Daily progress report from every employee and must handed over officially by internal mail system. All daily reports must be entered to analytical program to know the strong points and problem points for every employee works. Seniors and managers must interfere directly on time to solve any problem or misunderstanding of execution the strategic quality plan or procedures. Weekly feedback report must be given to every employee to show the progress and assess the efforts. Monthly encouraged rewords to the deserved employees who did the max progress works with less mistakes to motivate the employees to use this strategic quality change plan and to be more familiar with it. Weekly progress meeting must be held to discuss about the progress and to maintain the problems. Making seminars every 2 months and show all the employees the results of execution the strategic quality change and promise all employees with good yearly bonus if they doing their best to achieve the targets. 4.1 Implement a strategic quality change in an organization (A.C.4-1) By using of process mapping as below Figure†1† which shows the current system of contracting department Source: WBG Current contracting system So the proposed process mapping which will help to implement strategy quality change is as below Figure†2† Source: WBG Proposed contracting system 4.2 Embed a quality culture in an organization to ensure continuous monitoring and development. (A.C.4-2) To embed the quality in WBG Contracting Department, the management must do the following: Training Courses in different types of quality to teach the staff how to deal with the process in quality way which means low cost, less time and best results. Share the monthly process results to all stakeholders to show them the difference between using strategic quality and without. Encourage stakeholders by giving rewords and holidays. Give the shareholders more benefits in case of they targeted more goals for the company. Use latest technology to observe the process and system inside the deprtment and the company. 4.3 Monitor the implementation of a strategic quality change in an organization (AC 4.3) Daily progress report from every senior to his project manager who is responsible to compare between the actual schedule and the planned one so easily he could mark all the millstones which were delayed or achieved in advance. Also every PM must send this report to the operation manager who will evaluate the status of all projects. Quality Assurance: the QA engineers with managers must ensure that all daily operations and processes which are developed to appropriate the strategic change are on the right way and in case of any violations such as wrong material orders; they have to take action directly. Quality Control: the QC engineers with manager must control Budget, Quality, implementation methods, etc to evaluate the processes status and give the management real feedback about it. Meetings: all the senior management must meet once weekly to discuss about the progress and to maintain the problems. 5.1 Evaluate the outcomes of a strategic quality change in an organization (AC 5.1) Budget Reviews : The Contracting Department Manager must check the budget situation according to actual progress and planned cash flow so easily he could know the all outcomes after implementing the strategic quality change are similar to before situation or going better. Employee Machinery working hours VS Progress: The Contracting Department Manager can compare between the actual employees and machineries working hours and the planned estimated working hours by time sheet. So he could know the projects used extra working hours as before or within the estimated schedule as per the strategic quality planned. Time Schedule: The Contracting Department Manager could compare between the actual schedule and the planned one as per the strategic quality planned. So easily he could mark all the millstones which were delayed or achieved in advance. So by doing Check Sheet for the previous elements in every project, the things will be easier: 5.2 Recommend areas for improvement to a strategic quality change that align with organizational objectives (AC 5.2) Client Satisfaction : The client must be satisfied with WBG projects in all items so the contracting management must be careful to satisfy the clients give more efforts and expenses even if it’s out a little bit of the main scope because if the client is satisfying, sure the company will be in his priority in the next projects. Safe the employees : The contracting management must appreciate the employee’s efforts by sending thanking mails and give some days off to relax before transfer them to the next project. And in case there is no new project, they could send the employees for open vacation without terminate them so the Staff will increase their loyalty to the company. Paper works : The contracting management must ensure that all activities and lesson leaned are registered daily to give good feedback and lessons for the future. Share the benefits : The contracting management must give Bonus to the employees which aims to increase their efforts in implementation of strategic quality plan. References Quality.co.uk, (2015).The Quality Manual Management Network. [online] Available at: http://www.quality.co.uk/ [Accessed 3 Jan. 2015]. Bsigroup.com, (2015).ISO 9001 Quality Management | BSI Group. [online] Available at: http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/iso-9001-quality-management/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2015]. BusinessDictionary.com, (2015).What is total quality management (TQM)? Definition and meaning. [online] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/total-quality-management-TQM.html [Accessed 11 Jan. 2015]. Tutorialspoint.com, (2015).Basic Quality Tools. [online] Available at: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/basic_quality_tools.htm [Accessed 13 Jan. 2015]. Bia.ca, (2015).Strategic Quality Planning. [online] Available at: http://www.bia.ca/strategic-quality-planning.htm [Accessed 13 Jan. 2015]. Total Words: 2,992 [1]

Autonomy and Responsibility of the United States During the Space Race :: Essays Papers

Autonomy and Responsibility of the United States During the Space Race At the end of World War Two there emerged two world superpowers. The United States and the U.S.S.R had entirely different ideologies. The Soviet Union attempted to expand their ideologies westward and southward. Only the United States had the power to put a stop to Soviet expansion. The American industries and armed forces were at their highest peak, but they made no attempt to block Soviet expansion. They were trying to install a sense of world peace by removing their troops from Europe and increase support for autonomy and democracy throughout the world. The Soviets saw their expansion as automatic compensation for their loses in the war. As communism grew into France and Italy, Americans saw the growth as a threat to undermine capitalism and democracy. It was not long before the hostility between the former allies was apparent. Soon the western democracies and the Soviet Union were verbalizing and acting upon their differences. These differences helped establish the "iron curtain" around the eastern block. Any plan the United States devised to offer compensation to the Soviet Union with conditions of letting the other eastern countries establish their own governments was rejected. Under the Marshall Plan Western Europe flourished, and the gap between west and east grew larger with the tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union growing. Fear of the spread of communism was increasing. There was competition between the two superpowers to spread their ideologies. One favored autonomy and democracy while the other favored totalitarian rule. The competition between the two was so intense that they competed in many areas of domination.1 One area of extreme competition between the two powerful nations was the race to control outer space. The extreme concern and race to control the beyond was started in October 4, 1957 by the Soviets. The Soviet's Sputnik was the first successful man-made satellite. Not to be outdone the United States sent their first unmanned satellite into orbit on January 31, 1958 called Explorer I. Over the next few years the United States and the Soviet Union put many satellites into orbit, some even contained animal passengers. The race to control the skies in outer space grew once again. There was suddenly a large desire to beat the Russians in space. The Americans felt behind in their quest to win t he space race.2 Eisenhower immediately stepped up his space policy.

Nonsmokers can be cancer victims, too :: essays research papers

Like Reeve, widow of "Superman" star Christopher Reeve, 1 in 5 women diagnosed with the disease never lit a cigarette, doctors say. Yet they share an unfortunate stigma with cancer patients who smoked. "The underlying assumption is, you were a smoker and you caused this, therefore you're not going to get my sympathy," said Tom Labrecque Jr., who started a foundation to raise awareness after his nonsmoker father died several years ago of the disease. No one "deserves" lung cancer, doctors say. But nonsmokers do have one silver lining: They respond better to the newest targeted cancer drugs like Iressa and Tarceva. That's because people who get lung cancer early in life, like the 44-year-old Reeve, are more likely to have genetic factors fueling their disease, doctors say. Only 3 percent of lung cancers occur in people under 45, regardless of smoking status. Reeve, an actress who leads a paralysis research foundation named for her husband who died last year, disclosed Tuesday that she was being treated for lung cancer but gave no details on how or where. Her announcement came two days after ABC News anchor Peter Jennings, a smoker, died of lung cancer at age 67. Despite their different smoking histories, they share the most common cancer in the world, and the deadliest. This year in the United States, an estimated 93,010 men and 79,560 women will be diagnosed with lung cancer and almost an equal number -- 90,490 men and 73,020 women -- will die of it. About 10 percent of men and 20 percent of women with lung cancer never smoked, and the number of nonsmokers with the disease doesn't seem to be rising significantly, said Dr. Michael Thun, chief epidemiologist for the American Cancer Society. But awareness may be on the rise because of the aggressive anti-smoking campaigns in recent years. And stigma may be rising, too. "When people get breast cancer, people say, 'What can I do to help you?' When people get lung cancer, people say, 'Did you smoke?"' said Susan Mantel, executive director of Joan's Legacy, a fund-raising group named for Joan Scarangello, a nonsmoker and former head writer for newsman Tom Brokaw. Scarangello died in 2001 of lung cancer, as did her nonsmoking mother before her. "There is a definite stigma," said Labrecque, recalling comments after the funeral for his father, a former chairman of Chase Manhattan Corp. "People would say, 'I didn't know he smoked,"' he said. His foundation's Web site even acknowledges this trend, by stating that more than half of people newly diagnosed with lung cancer each year have either never smoked or quit smoking.

The Work of Cindy Sherman :: Photography Photographer

No other artist has ever made as extended or complex career of presenting herself to the camera as has Cindy Sherman. Yet, while all of her photographs are taken of Cindy Sherman, it is impossible to class call her works self-portraits. She has transformed and staged herself into as unnamed actresses in undefined B movies, make-believe television characters, pretend porn stars, undifferentiated young women in ambivalent emotional states, fashion mannequins, monsters form fairly tales and those which she has created, bodies with deformities, and numbers of grotesqueries. Her work as been praised and embraced by both feminist political groups and apolitical mainstream art. Essentially, Sherman’s photography is part of the culture and investigation of sexual and racial identity within the visual arts since the 1970’s. It has been said that, â€Å"The bulk of her work†¦has been constructed as a theater of femininity as it is formed and informed by mass culture†¦ (her) pictures insist on the aporia of feminine identity tout court, represented in her pictures as a potentially limitless range of masquerades, roles, projections† (Sobieszek 229). Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Cindy Sherman grew up in suburban Huntington Beach on Long Island, the youngest of five children and had a regular American childhood. She was very self-involved, found of costumes, and given to spending hours at the mirror, playing with makeup (Schjeldahl 7). Cindy Sherman attended the state University College at Buffalo, New York, where she first started to create art in the medium of painting. During her college years, she painted self-portraits and realistic copies of images that she saw in photographs and magazines. Yet, she became less, and less interested in painting and became increasingly interested in conceptual, minimal, performance, body art, and film alternatives (Sherman 5). Sherman’s very first introductory photography class in college was a complete failure for she had difficulties with the technological aspects of making a print. After her disastrous first attempt in photography, Sherman discovered Contemporary Art, which h ad a profound and lasting effect on the rest of her artistic career (Thames and Hudson 1). Sherman’s first assignment in her photography class was to photograph something which gave her a problem, thus, Sherman chose to photograph her self naked. While this was difficult, she learned that having an idea was the most important factor in creating her art, not so much the technique that she used.

Case Study Diverticular Disease Health And Social Care Essay

The big bowel is about 1.5m in length and is made up of 4 chief parts the cecum, go uping colon, transverse colon, falling colon, sigmoid colon and the rectum. Its chief map is to transport waste out of the organic structure and to absorb H2O from the waste before it leaves. It is made up of three beds, the outermost bed muscularis, in-between bed the mucous membrane and innermost layer the mucous membrane. The mucous membrane is where all the re-absorption takes topographic point whilst the muscularis is responsible for peristaltic motions. Diverticular disease is most common in the sigmoid colon part. A diverticulum ( diverticulosis ) is a pouch like pouch which is formed from the mucous membrane and undertakings through the colon wall. This happens as a consequence of there being a failing in the wall and at many diverticula can show at any one clip. They are besides vascular and have a rich blood supply. A failing in the wall can so be accompanied by an addition in force per unit area of the intestine due to the patient going constipated. If there is a deficiency of fiber and H2O in the diet the stools become dry and little, and the enteric musculuss must contract with greater force to go through the stools along, bring forthing a higher force per unit area in the big bowels. The extra force per unit area leads to weak musca volitanss in the colon walls that finally pouch out and organize pouches called diverticula. Most frequently, the pouches signifier in the sigmoid colon, which is the lower left portion of the colon that connects to the rectum. This country of the colon is capable to the highest sum of force per unit area because it is the narrowest part of the big bowel ( E Health MD ) . Diverticula vary in size but tend to be between 5 -10mm and in extremes instances can make up to 20mm ( WGO ) . Diverticulitis is a status in which diverticuli in the colon rupture. The rupture consequences in infection in the tissues that surround the colon ( Medicinenet.com ) . Diverticular disease is many symptomless as mentioned earlier and many people who have it are non ever aware that they have the status. Many patients experience symptoms similar to cranky intestine syndrome and complain of bloating and hurting in the lower left abdominal part. One of the most common causes of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage is due to diverticular disease shed blooding which can happen because of the cutting of the bowel wall. The hemorrhage is by and large painless but does affect big volumes of blood ( Gastrointestinalatlas ) .Case surveyI have chosen my instance survey to be on a 45 twelvemonth old male who I will mention to as Mr X. I will be discoursing the patients chief symptoms, associated medical history, household history, trials and intervention of jobs found. Mr X visited his G.P in January 2010 complaining of a crampy hurting over the left iliac pit. He besides complained of bloating and had non opened his bowels decently for a hebdomad. Mr X told the G.P that he had noticed a alteration in his intestine wont over the last 2 months and was sing episodes of irregularity which would be followed by short episodes of diarrhoea. He had besides noticed a alteration in the visual aspect of his stool explicating that they appeared to be smaller and had a pellet like visual aspect. Coloring material of his stool was described as being normal but he would detect a little darkish visual aspect every now and once more. No history of emesis and he was eating and imbibing usually with the exclusion of sing a bloating esthesis after a repast. He besides complained of experiencing unenrgetic and did n't experience rather every bit active as he was earlier. Mr X ‘s critical marks were recorded BP 145/86, PR 88 and temperature 37.5. Apart for being somewhat pyrexic vital organs marks were normal for this patient. On scrutiny Mr X was found to be rather stamp in the lower left of his venters and on percussion there were obvious marks of difficult stool. Initial diagnosing made by the G.P was cranky intestine syndrome and irregularity caused by a hapless diet. The G.P expressed concern about Mr X complaining of his stool looking dark on a few occasions. The G.P advised the patient to imbibe plentifulness of H2O, addition fiber in his diet and to get down exerting on a regular basis to seek and convey his weight down. Mr X was given lactulose solution for his irregularity to be taken twice daily. The G.P asked the patient for a blood sample to govern out the possibility of anemia. Mr X was told a dark visual aspect of the stool may bespeak an upper G.I bleed due to an ulcer but could besides be due to nutrient he had eaten. The fact that Mr X had a history of suspension hernia meant that it should be investigated. Mr X was asked to come back and see the G.P in a hebdomad ‘s clip. Mr X has a history of high blood pressure and lower back hurting. He smokes 20 coffin nails a twenty-four hours and consumes 20 units of intoxicant a hebdomad. He is considered to be over weight at 18 rock and does non exert on a regular basis. His diet consists chiefly of saturated nutrient ; he enjoys microwave repasts and chows fast nutrient on a regular basis. Mr X works a security guard in the retail industry and works long displacements. He is married and has four kids. He is on Altace and lipid-lowering medicines for his high blood pressure and 20mg ezomeprazole for his suspension hernia. His male parent passed off from prostatic malignant neoplastic disease at the age of 78 and his female parent has history of lung malignant neoplastic disease. Mr X has taken over the counter medicines to seek and alleviate his irregularity with small consequence. He suffers with a moderate sum of emphasis and anxiousness due to his fiscal state of affairs but has no jobs go throughing piss. He has no loss of appetency and says he normally gets a good dark slumber. Apart from the job he is kicking of there is no other associated ailments. Mr X returned to his G.P a hebdomad after his first audience and was still kicking of the same job. The lactulose had small consequence but he still felt hurting and was stamp over his left iliac pit. An internal scrutiny concluded his stool still felt difficult. His observations were still reasonably much the same and his blood trial for anemia came back as normal. The G.P decided to mention Mr X for farther trials to set up the exact cause of Mr X ‘s symptoms.Diagnostic ModalitiesOnce the G.P had refereed patients with symptoms similar to Mr X is common for them to hold a big intestine scrutiny called Barium clyster. The patient is asked non to eat any solids 24 hours prior to the process and is given strong laxatives called picolax to take ( London xray.com ) . With the usage of X raies the doctor runs Ba into the patient ‘s intestine through a catheter surfacing the liner of the intestine. The intestine is distended utilizing an inflating balloon and the patient is so moved about in different places whilst a series of images are taken. The Ba is radiopaque which shows up the features of the intestine rather nicely. This type of scrutiny is besides peculiarly utile in governing out other possible causes of the symptoms the patient has such as Crohn ‘s disease or even a carcinoma. Barium enemas attractively demonstrate diverticula and the mucous membrane of the big intestine. Below is an image taken from a Ba survey showing diverticular disease? A chiseled diverticulum can be seen in the Centre of the image. Figure 1 Library image Other modes can be used to name diverticular disease such as colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy but Ba enemas seem to be the preferable pick of doctors. In an article called Barium clyster versus colonoscopy the usage of these Scopess is compared to barium clyster and the advantage and disadvantages are mentioned. A colonoscopy and sigmoidoscppy is clip devouring and is really seldom completed under an hr. It can turn out rather painful for patients and sedation is required for the process. It is a desirable method for patients who complain of chronic hemorrhage which is overseen by Ba clyster. Barium clyster are normally painless ; no sedation is required and is completed normally within 10-15 proceedingss. A gastroscopy is a trial where the physician looks into the upper portion of the GI piece of land by infixing a thin flexible telescope called an endoscope down the gorge. The upper intestine consists of the gorge, tummy and duodenum. Gastroscopy is normally done as a twenty-four hours instance. The doctor may blunt the dorsum of your pharynx by spraying on some local anesthetic. The patient can besides be given a ataractic if preferred. The tip of the endoscope contains a visible radiation and a bantam camera which allows the doctor to see inside the G.I piece of land. The endoscope besides has a side channel which enables the doctor to go through assorted instruments which can be manipulated by the doctor for illustration to take biopsies. ( patient.co.uk ) . this process is a coveted manner of diagnosing Oesophagitis, Duodenal or tummy ulcers and gastritis. Figure 2 below shows a bleeding duodenal ulcer. Figure 2 ( image hkmas.org ) If the patient complains of dark stool so there is a high possibility of there being a duodenal bleed or a bleed from the upper G.I piece of land. ( medlineplus )DiscussionAs mentioned before most of the instances of diverticular disease be given to be symptomless unless patients start to see alteration in there bowel wont. Normal stools which are big and soft theodolite rather easy and on a regular basis. A survey published in the Lancet volume 313 studies the prevalence of symptom less diverticular disease of the colon is related to the ingestion of dietetic fiber in vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Vegetarians had a significantly higher average fibers intake ( 41AÂ ·5 g/day ) than non-vegetarians ( 21AÂ ·4 g/day ) . Diverticular disease was commoner in non-vegetarians ( 33 % ) than in vegetarians ( 12 % ) . Comparison of topics with and without diverticular disease in the vegetarian and non-vegetarian groups provided some farther grounds that a low consumption of cereal fiber is associated with the presence of diverticular disease. These figures clearly show that a fibre deficient diet is linked to diverticular disease. Surveies show low fiber in the diet makes the stool harder and smaller doing irregularity, nevertheless a survey published in the British medical diary suggests every bit good as alleviating the symptoms of diverticular disease a high-fibre diet may besides forestall the status from developing. Forty patients with diverticular disease treated with wheat bran 24g/day for at least six months. Thirty-three patients showed a really satisfactory clinical response. Sixty per cent of all symptoms were abolished, and a farther 28 % were relieved. After intervention the theodolite times accelerated in patients whose initial times were slower than 60 hours and slowed down in those whose initial theodolite times were faster than 36 hours. Stool weight increased significantly. The figure of intracolonic high force per unit area moving ridges decreased, particularly during and after eating. Once once more overpowering grounds proposing a high consumption of fiber is indispensable to avoid develop ing the disease. The Journal of clinical gastroenterology hypothesises that fibre lack non merely leads to diverticula formation but besides causes a alteration in the micro ecology which consequences in reduced colon immune response and permits a low-grade chronic inflammatory procedure that precedes a matured ague diverticulitis. However the hypothesis goes on to state that complications do non happen until there is micro-perforation through the wall of the diverticulum into the pericolic tissue which would take to abscesses and fistulous witherss being formed. In some instances, perforation of diverticulum becomes an acute medical exigency and requires immediate intercession. The mortality rate can be every bit high as 35 % ( Porrett & A ; Daniel 1999 ) . Treatment for diverticular disease does non be as such. Educating the patients about the possible hazards of a hapless diet is overriding. Physicians should promote patients to eat a diet high in fruit and veggies, with at least 2 liters of H2O a twenty-four hours. Patients should be encouraged exercising on a regular basis and to describe any reoccurrence of symptoms or rectal hemorrhage. Reoccurring symptoms or rectal hemorrhage will necessitate a referral for trials. Some people live with chronic diverticular disease or IBS, which is closely related to diverticular disease. These people are advised to avoid cut down fatty nutrients and to avoid drinks incorporating caffeine and intoxicant ( WebMD ) . Treatment for acute diverticulitis requires an exigency colcetomy. In the yesteryear this type of surgery for diverticulitis was ever done as an unfastened process in which a big scratch was made in the venters. But as laparoscopic surgery has become more popular, more sawboness are now utilizing this method for acute exigencies ( WebMD2 ) .ResultMr X was referred to the infirmary for a Ba clyster and gastroendoscopy due to him holding a history of a suspension hernia. The Ba clyster showed that Mr X had diverticulosis in his sigmoid colon. The adviser advised anti-spasmodic drugs for abdominal hurting in his study but suggested there was n't any demand for surgery. No other pathology was observed on the images. The images taken from the Gastroendoscopy showed no important pathology. There were some indicants of redness at the lower terminal of the oesophagus proposing mild esophagitis. It was advised to increase the dosage of esomperzole from 20mg to 40mg if the patient presented with farther symptoms of indigestion. No marks of shed blooding or ulcers were observed. Since holding these trials Mr X has been sing the pattern dietician one time every two hebdomads. He has been given a diet to follow and his aim is to lose weight and eat a balanced diet. After talking to Mr X he tells me that he is eating plentifulness of fruit and veggies and wheaten staff of life. He had increased his fibre consumption and is besides imbibing plentifulness of H2O. He has noticed that he is non acquiring constipated every bit much as he used to be and opens his bowels more often. He has taken out a gym rank and has lost half a rock. Mr X will likely hold diverticular disease for the remainder of his life but every bit long as he lives by his new life style he will be able to command his symptoms and live a normal healthy life.A

Design of Carburetors for Aircraft Application

Introduction A carburetor is a constituent or device which largely used on reciprocating or Piston engine. They are an of import device which mixed or blends fuel and air for an internal burning of the engine. Internal burning engine refers to an engine in which burning is intermittent such as the more familiar four and two stroke Piston engines along with the discrepancies such as six stroke Piston engine. Carburetors are classified as updraft or downdraft depending on the way of the air flow through the device. Most carburetors are the updraft type. All carburetors meter fuel and atomise it into the air to do a combustible mixture. In theory, the fuel/air mixture making each cylinder is indistinguishable in volume and ingestion. In world, both the volume and composing vary because the different distances travelled through the initiation manifold and force per unit areas exerted by the fumes system.Aircraft APPLICATIONSNew category of jobs for both engine and carburetor interior decorators created during the first aircraft engines, outside of those surface-bound vehicles. The chief complications were the deficiencies of apprehension of the temperature, force per unit area, air denseness, humidness, in add-on the velocity that these influence alterations while in flight. During 1918, the Bureau of Standards for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics accomplished a series of eng ine public presentation trials. The intent was to find the fluctuation in atmospheric force per unit area and temperature at assorted highs above the earth’s surface, with the alterations in public presentation ensuing from the variables within the carburetor itself and particular orientation to the variables impacting the operation of the carburetor. The study, published as Technical Report No. 48 in the NACA Fourth Annual Report, titled Carburetting Conditions Characteristics of Aircraft Engines, by Percival S. Tice. This work resulted in the undermentioned illations:The mixture ratio ( air/fuel ratio ) should be changeless at all heights for maximal power at all degrees.A alteration in fuel viscousness due to temperature alteration may be an of import metering feature of the carburetor.Constantly, there is wasted fuel when the carburetor does non rectify for barometric alterations.Heating of the fuel–air mixture causes a power loss accompanied by an addition in the specific fuel ingestion, with the available fuels.A 2nd probe made by the Bureau of Standards between October 1919, and May 1923, reported in the tenth NACA Annual Report of 1924 as Technical Report No. 189, Relation of Fuel–air Ratio on Engine Performance, by Stanwood W. Sparrow, replies to the undermentioned inquiries:What fuel–air ratio gives maximal power?Does a alteration in air force per unit area or temperature, such as those encountered in flight, impact the value of this ratio appreciably?What per centum of its maximal power does an engine develop when supplied with a mixture giving minimal specific fuel ingestion?The study concluded that:With gasolene as the fuel, fuel–air mixtures from 0.07 to 0.08 lbs fuel per pound. of air consequences in maximal power.Maximal power is obtained when about the same ratio is obtained over the scope of air force per unit areas and temperatures encountered in flight.Decreasing the fuel content of the charge until the po wer is 95 % of its maximal value provides the best specific fuel ingestion.PrincipleThe carburetor works on Bernoulli ‘s rule which is the faster the air moves, the inactive force per unit area will be lower while the dynamic force per unit area will be higher. The accelerator or gas pedal linkage does non command the flow of liquid fuel straight. As an option, they really actuates the carburetor mechanisms which will meter the flow of the air as they were being pulled into the engine. Once carburetors are used on aircraft with reciprocating engines, characteristics and particular designs are required to forestall from fuel famishment during an upside-down flight. Most manufactured carburetted as opposed to fuel-injected engines have a similar consumption manifold that transports and divides the fuel and air mixture to the consumption valves and a individual carburetor. Older engines used updraft carburetors, where the air enters from below the carburetor and exits through the top of the carburetor. This gives rather a good advantage of ne'er â€Å" deluging † the engine, as any fuel droplets would fall out of the carburetors alternatively of into the consumption manifold ; it besides lent itself to utilize of an oil bath air cleansing agent, where a pool of oil below a mesh component below the carburetor is sucked up into the mesh and the air is drawn through the oil-covered mesh ; this was an effectual system in a clip when paper air filters did non be. Get downing in the late 1930s, downdraft carburetors were the most popular type for automotive usage in the United States. In Europe, the side bill of exchange carburetors replaced downdraft as free infinite in the engine bay decreased and the usage of the SU-type carburetor ( and similar units from other makers ) increased. Some little propeller-driven aircraft engines still use the updraft carburetor design. Outboard motor carburetors are typically side bill of exchange, because they must be stacked one on top of the other in order to feed the cylinders in a vertically oriented cylinder block. The chief disadvantage of establishing a carburettor’s operation on Bernoulli ‘s Principle is that, being a fluid dynamic device, the force per unit area decrease in a Venturi tends to be relative to the square of the consumption air velocity. The fuel jets are much smaller and limited chiefly by viscousness, so that the fuel flow tends to be relative to the force per unit area difference. So jets sized for full power tend to hunger the engine at lower velocity and portion accelerator. Most normally this has been corrected by utilizing multiple jets. In SU and other movable jet carburetors, it was corrected by changing the jet size. For cold starting, a different rule was used in multi-jet carburetors. A flow resisting valve called a choking coil, similar to the accelerator valve, was placed upstream of the chief jet to cut down the consumption force per unit area and suck extra fuel out of the jets.CarburetorCarburetors are classified as updraft or downdraft depending o n the way air flows through the device. Most carburetors are the updraft type. All carburetors meter fuel and atomise it into the air to do a combustible mixture. In theory, the fuel/air mixture making each cylinder is indistinguishable in volume and composing. In world, both the volume and composing vary because of the different distances travelled through the initiation manifold and force per unit areas exerted by the fumes system.Principles OF CARBURETTORS VENTURIAll carburetors depend on the differential force per unit area created by a Venturi to meter the proper sum of fuel for a volume of air. When air flows through a Venturi, its velocity additions while both force per unit area and temperature lessening. To command the volume of air that passes through a Venturi, all carburetors are equipped with a throttle valve. The throttle valve ( or butterfly valve ) is a pilot-controllable restrictor home base installed between the Venturi and the engine. When the accelerator valve is to the full opened ( parallel to the air flow ) , the maximal volume of air and fuel enter the engine. In this instance, the lone constituent that limits the volume of air come ining the engine is the Venturi. However, as the accelerator valve is moved to its closed place ( perpendicular to the air flow ) less air is admitted and engine power is reduced. The size and form of the Venturi is designed for the demands of the engine. Carburetors on similar engines might look to be indistinguishable, but the size of the Venturi could be different. Always guarantee that you are put ining the right device on an engine. Figure 1 shows when the accelerator valve is parallel to the air flow, the maximal volume of air and fuel enters the engine. When the accelerator valve is near perpendicular to the air flow, less air and fuel enter the engine.THE SYSTEMS OF CARBURETTORTo supply an engine with the necessary fuel for proper operation under assorted engine tonss, velocities, and air densenesss, most carburetors include the undermentioned five systems:Main meteringIdlingMixture controlAcceleratingPower enrichment or economiserThe building and rule of operation of each of these systems varies depending on the type of carburetor. The undermentioned subjects describe each system in relation to its usage in float-type and pressure-injection carburetors. The size and form of the Venturi is designed for the demands of the engine. Carburetors on similar engines might look to be indistinguishable, but the size of the Venturi could be different. Always guarantee that you are put ining the right device on an engin e.THE FLOAT-TYPE CARBURETORSThe float-type carburetor is named after the constituent used to modulate the fuel that enters the carburetor. Fuel is stored in a float chamber, the sum controlled by a float-operated needle valve installed in the fuel recess. As fuel enters the chamber, the float rises and the needle valve begins to shut. After the fuel reaches an established degree, the place of the float wholly closes the needle valve and the flow of fuel Michigans. The carburetor float is typically constructed of brass or a composite stuff. Brass floats are hollow, and the air sealed indoors provides perkiness. A composite float can be hollow or solid. When the float solid, air trapped in the pores of the composite stuff provides perkiness. As the volume of fuel alterations in a float chamber, the volume of air besides changes. A blowhole maintains ambient force per unit area in the float chamber as the fuel degree rises and falls. All float Chamberss are vented to ambient force per unit area. In figure 2, the float carburetors store a measure of fuel in a float chamber. The sum of fuel in the float chamber is controlled by a float-actuated needle valve. Figure 3 The figure 3 above visualize of the Float Level, Main Metering Jet and Discharge Nozzle. Please be reminded that the fuel degree in the fuel bowl is somewhat below the fuel discharge nozzle gap and is identified by the missive ‘h’ .THE BASIC AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEMThe fuel circuit includes the parts and shrieking necessary to present fuel to the carburetor fuel recess, at the proper force per unit area and volume. The fuel admitted through the float-type carburetor recess valve is reduced to atmospheric force per unit area as the fuel bowl blowhole to the air recess canal. Figure 4 As the fuel bowl fills, the float rises with the fuel degree until the fuel degree in the fuel bowl is somewhat below the degree of the discharge nose and one time at the right degree, the float is high plenty to shut the recess valve, halting fuel flow into the carburetor at a precise tallness. This prevents fuel leaks into the consumption manifold when the engine is non running. Fuel can non come in the consumption system unless consumption manifold suction is sufficiently strong plenty to raise the fuel up to the tallness of the discharge nozzle gaps. On its manner to the discharge nose, extra jets control the rate of fuel flow and force per unit area, as necessary. The bead in fuel force per unit area through the recess valve classifies the valve as a jet.MAIN METERING OF FLOAT TYPE CARBURETTORThe chief metering system supplies the engine with the right sum of fuel for all velocities above idle. The system consists of one or more venturi tubings, the chief metering jet and discha rge noses, and the throttle valve. Fuel metering begins at the Venturi. In some carburetors, a individual Venturi is deficient to make an equal force per unit area bead to meter fuel. In this instance, a encouragement Venturi is installed frontward of the primary Venturi. The discharge nozzle delivers fuel from the float chamber to the consumption air. For an engine at remainder, the fuel in the discharge nose is even with the degree in the float chamber. In most instances, the fuel degree is about 1/8 inch below the gap of the discharge nose. This distance is referred to as the fuel metering caput and is designed to forestall fuel from leaking from the carburetor when the engine is non runing. 1